BEC 1143-Business Mathematics

MATRICES &
DETERMINANTS

P.D.Wimalasiri
[(B.Sc. Maths, M.Sc. In Computer Sc., Sp. Trained in CICC Japan, Dip in
Engineering OUSL )]
Academic and Social experiences in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Japan
Lecturer in Computer Science/Mathematics
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Generally matrix is given by

2nd column

nth column
1st column

Jth column
1st row  a11 a12 a13. ... ... a1n 
 
2nd row  a21 a22 a23 a2 n 
 
 
ith row  aij 
 
 
a am 2 amn  mxn
mth row  m1

more generally a  and

ij
matrix where i=1,2,3,……..,m
j=1,2,3,……………,n
 Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers/algebraic
expressions arranged in rows and columns.
examples  2  3  2
 
1

x y 

1  2 h
  7 1x1
 3 1  3 1 y  x 1  y 
1  a b c 2 x3
  12 11 19   0 0 
 

The number of rows and columns that a matrix has is called its size. The size of of
the above matrix is 3 x 3, meaning that it has 3 rows and 3 columns.

 
or
Denoted by symbols.
Types of matrices

Row matrix

A matrix which has only one row.

Example:

A  2 1 51x 3
Column matrix

A matrix which has only one column.

Example:
  3
 
A 0 
 2
 3 x1
Square matrix

A matrix with the same number of rows as columns.

Examples:
 2 1 0   0 4
  B   
A   4 3  5   7 x 2 x2
9 6 
3 3 x 3

A square matrix has two diagonals. They are main diagonal and
other diagonal.
Main diagonal includes first row first column element.
unit matrix
,

A square matrix in which all the elements in main

diagonal are 1 s and all remaining elements are zeros.

Examples 1 0 1 0 0
I     
: 0 1 2x2 I  0 1 0
0 0 1
  3x3

i.e. aij =0 for all i = j

aij = 1 for some or all i = j
Transpose matrix , AT

A matrix in which rows and columns are interchanged.

Example a b c a x
A     
:  x y z 2 x 3 A  b
T
y
c z 3x 2

A null matrix
A null matrix is one whose elements are all zero.

 0 0 0
Example  
A   0 0 0
:  0 0 0
  3x3
Triangular matrix

A square matrix whose elements above or below the

main diagonal are all zero

Examples 1 0 0 5 2 3 1 8 9
:  2 1 0   0 2 1  0 1 6 
     
5 2 3 0 0 3 0 0 3
Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements below the main
diagonal are all zero

a11 a12 a13  x y z 1 7 4 7

0 a  0 b c  0
 22 a 23     3 5 6
 0 0 a33  0 0 r  0 0 3 2
 
0 0 0 3
i.e. aij = 0 for all i > j
Lower triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are
all zero

aij 0 0  x 0 0
   a b 0
aij aij 0  
aij aij aij   p q r 

i.e. aij = 0 for all i < j
 Matrix Algebra
Addition and Subtraction

Valid only with same size matrces.

To add two matrices: add the numbers in the matching positions:

Addition
2 1 1  3 
A    B   
3 2 4 2 

 2 1 1 3  3  2
A  B      
3  4 2  2 7 4
Subtraction
2 1 1  3 
A    B   
3 2 4 2 

 2 1 1  (3)  1 4
A  B      
3  4 2  2   1 0

Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted

Scalar product
A scalar is a number or a costant which is not another
matrix.
Multiply all elements by scalar value.
Example:  3 4  15 20 
A    5 A   
  7 m 2 x2   35 5m  2 x 2
Transpose of a matrix)- AT

Transpose matrix is the matrix in which rows and columns are

interchaged.

3 2 2
A   
 3 1
 
1 4 1  23 A   2 4
T

 2 1
 3 x 2
 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

The product of two matrices is another matrix.

Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication to
be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of rows of
B
Example.
A x B = C
(1x3) (3x2) (1x2)
 B x A = Not possible!
(2x1) (4x2)

A x B = Not possible!
(6x2) (6x3)

Example
A x B = C
(2x3) (3x2) (2x2)
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES…….

b11 b12 
 a11 a12 a13     c11 c12 
a   b21 b22    
 21 a22 a23 
b31 b32   c21 c22 

(a11  b11 )  (a12  b21 )  (a13  b31 )  c11

(a11  b12 )  (a12  b22 )  (a13  b32 )  c12
(a21  b11 )  (a22  b21 )  (a23  b31 )  c21
(a21  b12 )  (a22  b22 )  (a23  b32 )  c22
Successive multiplication of row i of A with column j of
B – row by column multiplication
Example 1 :
 2 4 3  5

3 1

A    B   2 0 1 
1 4 1  23  4
 3 2 3 x 3

2x5 +4x-2 +3x4 =14

 14 15 4 
2x3 +4x-0 +3x3 =15 AB   
 1 6 -1  2 x 3
2x1 +4x-1 +3x2 =4

1x5 +4x-2 +1x4 =1

1x3 +4x0 +1x3 =6

1x1 +4x-1 +1x2 =-1

 Determinants

Determinants has equal number of rows and

columns. Can be calculated into a single valued.
If A is a square matrix, the determinant of A, det(A
‍A by
is represent .
Second order determinants
=

a11 a12
‍
a 21 a 22  a11a22  a12 a21

5 3
‍
4 2  (5)(2)  (3)(4)
 10  12   2
Third order determinants
a b c
q r p r p q
‍ p q r ‍ a ‍ b ‍ c
y z x z x y
x y z

4 3 2
3 0 1 0 1 3
‍ 1 3 0 ‍ 4 ‍ 3 ‍ 2
5 3 2 3 2 5
2 5 3
‍  4(9  0) ‍ 3(3  0) ‍ 2(5  6)
‍  36 ‍ 9 ‍ 2  ‍25
Properties of determinants
A row where every entry is zero, or a column where every entry is
zero. Then det(A)=0.

If any two rows or two columns are equal or with same

proportion Then det(A)=0.

Interchanging the location of two rows, or interchanging the

location of two columns sign of the value is changed.
Interchange of rows and columns is unchanged the
determinant value.
Any row or column is replaced by adding or subtracting any
scalar product of another row or column keep unchanged the
value.
Ri  Ri + kRj or Ci  Ci + kCj
 30 40 20
D 1 3 0
2 5 3

3 4 2 1 9 5
D  10 1 3 0 D  10 1 3 0
2 5 3 2 5 3

0 6 5 0 6 5 0 0 2
D  10 1 3 0 D  10 0 5.5 1.5 D  10 6 5.5 5
2 5 3 2 5 3 5 1.5 3

D  20(6 x1.5  5.5 x5)

Solving simultaneous equation using Cramer’s Rule

Steps:
1. Calculate the determinant value D, which is made by coefficients of
variables.
2. Then obtain
Dx in which x variable column is replaced by right hand side column of
constants,
Dy in which y variable column is replaced by right hand side column of
constants,
Dz in which z variable column is replaced by right hand side column of
constants.
3.Use the following formulas to find x, y, z.

Dx Dy Dz
x y z
D D D
2x  5 y  1
3 x  4 y  13

2 5 1 5  2 1 
D Dx    D y   
3 4 13  4   3 13 
D  23 Dx  69 D y  23

Dx  69
x  3
D  23
Dy
23
y   1
D  23 x=3 y=-1
 3 x  4 y  z  17
x  3 y  11
 2 x  5 y  3 z  14
3 4 1 17 4  1 3 17  1 3 4 17
D 1 3 0 Dx  11 3 0 D y  1 11 0 Dz  1 3 11
2 5 3 14 5 3  2 14 3  2 5 14

D4 Dx  8 D y  12 Dz  4
Dx 8 D y 12 Dz 4
x  2 y  3 y  1
D 4 D 4 D 4

x=2 y= 3 z=1
 Minors and Co-factors of a matrix
Defined only with square matrices.

Minors , Mij
The minor Mij associated to an given element is the determinant
made by remaining elements after removing elements belongs to
ith row and Jth column which includes the given element.
Example 1 2 0
  2 2
 4  2 2 ‍  4
M11 3 1 1 1 1 ‍M 11  4
 3 x 3
 1 2 0
  4 2
M12  4  2 2 ‍  2
3 1 1 3 1 M12=-2
 3 x 3

1 2 0
  4 2
M13  4  2 2 ‍  10
3 1 1 3 1 M13= 10
 3 x 3

1 2 0 2 0
  ‍ 2
M21  4  2 2 1 1 M21= 2
3 1 1
 3 x 3
 ….උදාහරණ 1:
1 2 0
  1 0
M22  4  2 2 ‍ 1
3 1 1 3 1 M22=1
 3 x 3

1 2 0
  1 2
M23  4  2 2 ‍  5
3 1 M23= -5
3 1 1
 3 x 3
1 2 0 2 0
  ‍ 4
M31  4  2 2 2 2 M31= 4
3 1 1
 3 x 3
 1 2 0
  1 0
M32  4  2 2 ‍ 2
3 1 1 4 2 M32= 2
 3 x 3
1 2 0 1 2
  ‍  10
M33  4  2 2 4 2 M33= -10
3 1 1
 3 x 3
Co-factors, Cij Minors of A

Co-factors are equal in their

M11= -4 M12= -2 M13= 10
magnitudes of Minors. M21= 2 M22= 1 M23= -5
But the sign is opposite when their M31= 4 M32= 2 M33= -10
sum of row number and column
number is odd.
Co-factors of A
Cij  (1) i  j mij C11= -4 C12= +2 C13= 10
C21= -2 C22= 1 C23= +5
1 2 0 C31= 4 C32= -2 C33= -10
 
A   4  2 2
3 1 1
 3 x 3
 Minors of 2 x 2 size matrix

a b  a b 
  M11= d   M12= c
 c d 2 x2  c d 2 x2
a b  a b 
  M21= b   M22= a
 c d 2 x2  c d 2 x2
Co-factors of 2 x 2 size matrix
C11= d C12= -c
C21= -b C22= a
 Minors and Co-factors of 2 x 2 size matrix
Example

 2  4 M11= -5 M12= 7
 
 7  5  2 x 2 M21= -4 M22= 2

C11= -5 C12= -7
C21= 4 C22= 2
 Adjoin matrix - adj.(A)
Defined only with square matrices.
Adjoin matrix is the transpose matrix of the square matrix which
is made co-factors in same order.
T
 a11 a12 a13  C C12 C13 
   11

A   a21 a22 a23  adj.( A)   C 21 C22 C23 
a a32 a33  C C32 C33 
 31  31


 
C 11 C21 C31 
adj.( A)   
 
C 12 C22 C32 
Example:
T
3 2 1  -6 
   17 -1

A   2 1 5 adj.( A)   -6
 5 2 4
7 4 
  9 -13 -1 
 

-6 
 -6 9 
adj.( A)  17 -13 
-1 
 
7 -1
4
  a11 a12 a13   c11 c12 c13 
   
If A   a21 a22 a23  and Co  factor matrix, C   c21 c22 c23 
a a32 a33  c c33 
 31  31 c32
A  a11c11  a12 c12  a13c13
A  product of i th row of A and i th row of C.
A  a21c21  a22 c22  a23c23
A  a31c31  a32 c32  a33c33

Example: 3 2 1   6 17  1
   
A   2 1 5 C    6 7 4
 5 2 4  9  13  1
   

A  (3)(6)  (2)(17)  (1)(1)  15 A  (2)(6)  (1)(7)  (5)(4)  15

A  (5)(9)  (2)(13)  (3)(1)  15

 An easy way to obtain adj.(A) of a 2x2 matrix

a b   d  b
A    adj.( A)   
c d   c a 

1. Interchange the positions of main diagonal elements.

2. Change the sign of elements of the other diagonal.

Example
  7  3  2 3 
A    adj.( A)   
 5 2   5  7
Inverse matrix) - A-1
Defined only with square matrices.

adj.( A)
1
A  ; A 0
A

An important property of A-1 matrix

AA-1 = A-1 A = I
Example:
  4  3
If A    find A-1 .
 6 2 

Solution   4  3
A    A  (4)(2)  (3)(6)  10
 6 2 
 2 3  1 adj.( A)
adj.( A)    
 A 
  6  4 A
 2 3 
 
  6  4   0.2 0 .3 

1
A  
10   0 .6  0 .4 
 Example 2:
Determinant can be calculated by
3 2 1 multiplying ith row/column of A
 
by ith column/row of adj(A).
If A   2 1 5  Find A-1 .
 5 2 4
 
Solution: A  (3)(6)  (2)(17)  (1)(1)  15
 -6 -6 9  A  15
 
adj.( A)   17 7 -13 
 -1 4 -1 
 
1adj.( A)
A 
A
 6 6 9 
1 1  
A   17 7  13 
15 
 1 4  1 
 Solving Linear Equations using matrices
Steps:
1. Convert set of linear equations into matrix format.
a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  b1  a11 a12 a13   x   b1 
a21 x  a22 y  a23  b2     
 a21 a22 a23   y   b2 
a31 x  a32 y  a33 z  b3
a a33   z  b3 
 31 a32
AX  B
 a11 a12 a13   x  b1 
  A1 AX  A1 B
A   a21 a22 a23  X   y  B  b2 
a a32 a33   z  b3  ( A1 A) X  A1 B
 31
1
IX  A1 B
 x   a11 a12 a13   b1  X  A1 B
 y   a a22 a23 
 b 
   21  2
 z   a31 a32 a33  b3 
Example 1:
2x  5 y  1
3 x  4 y  13

Solution:  2 5  x   1 
     
 3  4  y  13 
  4  5
1  
 x 2 5  1  x 3 2   1   x 1   4  5  1 
                 
 y   3  4 13  y
   23 13  y
   23   3 2 13 
 x 1   69   x  3 
         
y
   23  23   y    1

x=3 y=-1
Example 2: 3 x  4 y  z  17  3 4  1 x  17 
    
x  3 y  11  1 3 0  y    11 
 2 x  5 y  3 z  14   2 5 3  z  14 
    
1
 x   3 4  1 17 
     
 y    1 3 0   11 
 z    2 5 3  14 
     
 x  9  17 3 17   x  (9)(17)  (17)(11)  (3)(14) 
  1     1 
 y  3 7  1 11   y   (3)(17)  (7)(11)  (1)(14) 
z 4   z 4 
   11  23 5 14     (11)(17)  (23)(11)  (5)(140 
 x 8  x   2
  1     
 y  12 
4 
 y    3  x  2, y  3 , z  1
z  z  1
  4    
END