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Graph presentation discussion
 Chapter 4

Signal Flow Graph

PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, 14th Edition, Global Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 Outline
• Introduction to Signal Flow Graphs
– Definitions
– Terminologies

• Mason’s Gain Formula

– Examples

• Signal Flow Graph from Block Diagrams

• Design Examples
 Signal Flow Graph (SFG)
• Alternative method to block diagram
representation, developed by Samuel Jefferson
Mason.

• Advantage: the availability of a flow graph gain

formula, also called Mason’s gain formula.

• A signal-flow graph consists of a network in which

nodes are connected by directed branches.

• It depicts the flow of signals from one point of a

system to another and gives the relationships
among the signals.
 Important terminology :
• Branches :-
line joining two nodes is called branch.

a y
x

Branch
• Dummy Nodes:-
A branch having one can be added at i/p as well as o/p.

Dummy Nodes
 Input & output node
• Input node:-
It is node that has only outgoing branches.

• Output node:-
It is a node that has incoming branches.

f
c
x0 a x1 d x2 g x3 h x4

b e

Input node

Output node
 Forward path:-
• Any path from i/p node to o/p node.

Forward path
 Loop :-
• A closed path from a node to the same node is
called loop.
 Self loop:-

• A feedback loop that contains of only one node is

called self loop.

Self loop
 Loop gain:-

The product of all the gains forming a loop

Loop gain = A32 A23

 Path & path gain

Path:-
A path is a traversal of connected branches in the direction of
branch arrow.

Path gain:-
The product of all branch gains while going through the forward
path it is called as path gain.
 Feedback path or loop :-

• it is a path to o/p node to i/p node.

 Touching loops:-
• when the loops are having the common node that
the loops are called touching loops.
 Non touching loops:-

• when the loops are not having any common node

between them that are called as non- touching
loops.
Non-touching loops for forward paths
 Chain Node :-

• it is a node that has incoming as well as outgoing

branches.

Chain node
 SFG terms representation

branch transmittance
input
x4 node (source)
Chain node
Chain node
node d
x1 a b path x3
1
forward
x2 path
loop x3
c

input node (source) Output node

 Mason’s Rule (Mason, 1953)
• The block diagram reduction technique requires
successive application of fundamental relationships
in order to arrive at the system transfer function.

• On the other hand, Mason’s rule for reducing a

signal-flow graph to a single transfer function
requires the application of one formula.

• The formula was derived by S. J. Mason when he

related the signal-flow graph to the simultaneous
equations that can be written from the graph.
 Mason’s Rule :-

• The transfer function, C(s)/R(s), of a system represented by

a signal-flow graph is;

n
 Pi  i
C( s ) i 1

R( s ) 

• Where

• n = number of forward paths.

• Pi = the i th forward-path gain.
• ∆ = Determinant of the system
• ∆i = Determinant of the ith forward path
∆ is called the signal flow graph determinant or characteristic
function. Since ∆=0 is the system characteristic equation.
n
 Pi  i
C( s ) i 1

R( s ) 
∆ = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains) + (sum of the products of
the gains of all possible two loops that do not touch each other) –
(sum of the products of the gains of all possible three loops that
do not touch each other) + … and so forth with sums of higher
number of non-touching loop gains

∆i = value of Δ for the part of the block diagram that does not
touch the i-th forward path (Δi = 1 if there are no non-touching
loops to the i-th path.)
 Systematic approach

1. Calculate forward path gain Pi for each

forward path i.
2. Calculate all loop transfer functions
3. Consider non-touching loops 2 at a time
4. Consider non-touching loops 3 at a time
5. etc
6. Calculate Δ from steps 2,3,4 and 5
7. Calculate Δi as portion of Δ not touching
forward path i

22
Example1: Apply Mason’s Rule to calculate the transfer function
of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph

Therefore, C P11  P2  2

R 
There are three feedback loops

L1  G1G4 H1 , L2  G1G2G4 H 2 , L3  G1G3G4 H 2

Continue……
There are no non-touching loops, therefore

∆ = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains)

  1  L1  L2  L3 

  1  G1G4 H 1  G1G2 G4 H 2  G1G3G4 H 2 

Continue……
Eliminate forward path-1

∆1 = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains)+...

∆1 = 1

Eliminate forward path-2

∆2 = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains)+...

∆2 = 1

Continue……
From Block Diagram to Signal-Flow Graph Models
• Example2
H1

R(s) E(s) X － X3 C(s)

G1 G2 G3 G4
－
－
1 X
2
H2

H3

－ H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1 X1 G 2 X2 G 3 G4 X3 1 C(s)

－ H2

－ H3

Continue……
 － H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1 X1 G 2 X2 G 3 G4 X3 1 C(s)

－ H2

－ H3

  1  ( G 1G 2 G 3 G 4 H 3  G 2 G 3 H 2  G 3 G 4 H 1 )
P1  G 1G 2 G 3 G 4 ; 1  1

C (s) G 1G 2 G 3 G 4
G 
R ( s ) 1  G 1G 2 G 3 G 4 H 3  G 2 G 3 H 2  G 3 G 4 H 1
Revision