Microprocessor and Assembly
Language
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND
COMPUTER
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INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND
COMPUTER
A Computer is a programmable machine.
The principal characteristics of a computer are:
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-
defined manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a
program).
The instructions and data are called software.
The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits are
called hardware.
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Computer system consists of:
CPU (central processing unit) which is the heart of the
computer.
ALU (arithmetic-logic unit)
Control Logic
Registers, etc.…
Memory
I/ O interfaces
The interconnections between these units are through 3 basic
buses:
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Bus
1. Address Bus: - which select memory location or I/O device for
CPU.
2. Data Bus: - Move information b/n CPU & memory or
I/O devices with size from 8 bits to 64 bits in
microprocessor.
3. Control Bus: - generate command signal to synchronize
the CPU with I/O or memory.
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MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated μP) is a
digital electronic component with miniaturized
transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit
(IC).
One or more microprocessors typically serve as a central
processing unit (CPU) in a computer system or handheld
device.
Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all
digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection
systems for automobiles.
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Microprocessor based computer
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Three (3)basic characteristics differentiate
microprocessors are:
Instruction set: The set of instructions that
the microprocessor can execute.
Bandwidth: The number of bits processed
in a single instruction.
Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz),
the clock speed determines how many
instructions per second the processor can
execute.
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Microprocessors Evolution Address Bus Addressable Memory Size
12 4 kb
8- Bit Processor
8008 1972 800khz 8 bits 14 16 kb
8080 1974 2Mhz 8 bits 16 64 kb
8085 1976 3 MHz 8 bits 16 64 kb
16- Bit Processor
8086 1978 5Mhz 16 20 1M
80286 1982 16Mhz 16 24 16 M
32- Bit Processor
80386 1985 33 MHz 32 32 4G
80486 1989 40 MHz 32 32 4 G + 8 k cache
Pentium I 1993 100 MHz 32 32 4 G + 16 k cache
Pentium II 1997 233 MHz 32 32 4 G + 16 k cache + L2 256 cache
Pentium III 1999 1.4 Ghz 32 32 4 G + 32 k cache + L2 256 cache
Pentium IV 2000 2.66 Ghz 32 Internal 32 4 G + 32 k cache + L2 256 cache
64 External
64- Bit Processor
Dual core 2006 2.66 GHz 64 36 64G + Independent L1 64 Kb + Common L2 256 kb Cache
Core 2 Duo 2006 3 GHz 64 36 64G + Independent L1 128 Kb + Common L2 4 Mb Cache
I7 2008 3.33 GHz 64 36 64G + Independent L1 64 Kb + Common L2 256 kb Cache + 8 Mb L3
Cache
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Microprocessor & Its Architecture
When we look microprocessor 8086: -
It introduced on march 1978.
It is implemented with 16-bit HMOS microprocessor
with 29,000 transistors & operate with 5MHz clock frequency.
Use HMOS technology & has 40 pins.
It has 20-bit address lines hence it has 220 = 1Mbytes memory
locations.
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----
It can generate 16-bit address for I/O devices & can
address 216 = 64 k I/O ports.
Has 135 number of instructions with eight 8-bit registers
& eight 16-bit registers.
Has +5v DC power supply.
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Architecture Of 8086
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cont
8086 consists of 2 units of
Bus Interface Unit (BIU) & Execution Unit (EU).
Bus Interface Unit:
The BIU sends out address and fetches instructions from
memory, reads data from ports and memory and return data
to ports and memory.
In other words, handles all transfers of data and address on the
buses for the execution unit
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Execution Unit
Execution of 8086 tells BIU where to fetch instructions or
data from, decodes instructions and executes instructions
It contains control circuitry which directs internal operations
A decoder in the EU, translates instructions fetched from memory
into a series of actions
It has 16-bit ALU which does all the arithmetic operations
Such as Addition, Subtraction, Division, multiplication
And logic comparison
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Flag Register
A flag is a flip-flop that indicates some status or condition
produced by execution of an instruction.
There are total 9 flags.
Those are Status flags – 6 and Control flags- 3
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Registers
AX, BX, CX, DX are general purpose registers which are
of 16-bit size which can be viewed as the combination 2
8bit size.
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End of slides
Question ?
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