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Operating System

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7 views

Operating System

Uploaded by

MARIA TARIQ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computing Systems

Introduction to Operating Systems


What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer
and the computer hardware
Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
• –Make the computer system convenient to use–
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
A View of Operating System
Services
Functions of Operating Systems
• Oversee operation of computer
• Store and retrieve files
• Schedule programs for execution
• Coordinate the execution of programs
Multiprocessor Operating Systems
• Provide time sharing/multi-tasking capabilities by
assigning different tasks to different processors as well as
sharing the time of one single processor
• Problems to solve:
– Load balancing – dynamically allocating tasks to the various
processor so that all of them are used efficiently
– Scaling – breaking tasks into sub-tasks compatible with the
number of processors available
Embedded Operating Systems
• Used in hand held devices (PDAs), mobile
phones, cars, etc…
• Limited data storage and power
conservation are the big challenges
• Examples: VxWorks, Windows CE (Pocket
PC), Palm OS, Symbinan, ThredX,
RomDOS, etc…
Types of Software
• Application software
– Performs specific tasks for users: spreadsheets,
database systems, desktop publishing, program
development, games, etc…
• System software
– Provides infrastructure for application software
– Consists of operating system and utility
software
Software classification
Operating System Components
• Shell: Communicates with users
– Text based
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Kernel: Performs basic required functions
– File manager
– Device drivers
– Memory manager
– Process manager (Scheduler, dispatcher, etc..)
The shell as an interface between
users and the operating system
File Manager
• Role – coordinate the use of machine’s
mass storage facilities
• Hierarchical organization
– Directory (or Folder): A user-created bundle
of files and other directories (subdirectories)
– Directory Path: A sequence of directories
within directories
Device Manager
• Part of OS presented as a collection of device
drivers – specialized software that communicate
with the controllers to carry out operations on
peripheral devices connected to the computer
Memory Manager
• Has the task of coordinating the use of main
memory – allocates/de-allocates space in main
memory
Processes
• Process: The activity of executing a program
(NOT THE SAME THING AS A PROGRAM!!!)
– Program – static set of directions (instructions)
– Process – dynamic entity whose properties change as
time progresses. It is an instance in execution of a
program.
• Process State: Current status of the activity
– Program counter
Process Manager
• Scheduler – the part of kernel in charge with the
strategy for allocation/de-allocation of the CPU to
each competing process
– Maintains a record of all processes in the OS (via a
process table), introduces new processes to this pool
and removes the ones that completed
• Dispatcher is the component of the kernel that
overseas the execution of the scheduled processes
– Achieved by multiprogramming
Resource Manager oriented OS names
• DEC RSX – Resource Sharing eXecutive
• MIT Multics – MULTiplexed Information and
Computing Services
• IBM MFT/MVT – Multiple Fixed/Variable Tasks
• IBM MVS – Multiple Virtual Storage
• DEC VMS – Virtual Memory System
• MVS TSO – Time Sharing Option
• CTSS – Compatible Time Sharing System
• IBM VM – Virtual machine

A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Control program oriented OS names

• Unisys MCP – Master Control Program


• DR CP/M – Control Program/Microcomputer
• IBM VM/CP – VM Control Program
• IBM AIX – Advanced Interactive eXecutive
• DEC RSX – Resource Sharing eXecutive

A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Command Executer oriented OS names

• IBM AIX – Advanced Interactive Executive


• IBM VM/CMS – Conversational monitor
System

A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Scheduler
• Scheduler: Adds new processes to the
process table and removes completed
processes from the process table
• Process table contains
– Memory area assigned to the process
– Priority of the process
– State of the process (ready or waiting)
Deadlock
• Another problem of resource allocation -
Processes block each other from continuing
• Conditions required for deadlock
1. Competition for non-sharable resources
2. Resources requested on a partial basis
3. An allocated resource can not be forcibly
retrieved
A deadlock resulting from competition for
nonshareable railroad intersections
Getting OS Started (Bootstrapping)
• Booting: Procedure that transfers the OS from
mass storage (permanent) into the main memory
(volatile-thus empty when machine is turned on)
The booting process

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