Scribd
Upload
10 views

Operating System

Uploaded by

MARIA TARIQ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Operating System

Uploaded by

MARIA TARIQ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Computing Systems

Introduction to Operating Systems


What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer
and the computer hardware
Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
• –Make the computer system convenient to use–
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
A View of Operating System
Services
Functions of Operating Systems
• Oversee operation of computer
• Store and retrieve files
• Schedule programs for execution
• Coordinate the execution of programs
Multiprocessor Operating Systems
• Provide time sharing/multi-tasking capabilities by
assigning different tasks to different processors as well as
sharing the time of one single processor
• Problems to solve:
– Load balancing – dynamically allocating tasks to the various
processor so that all of them are used efficiently
– Scaling – breaking tasks into sub-tasks compatible with the
number of processors available
Embedded Operating Systems
• Used in hand held devices (PDAs), mobile
phones, cars, etc…
• Limited data storage and power
conservation are the big challenges
• Examples: VxWorks, Windows CE (Pocket
PC), Palm OS, Symbinan, ThredX,
RomDOS, etc…
Types of Software
• Application software
– Performs specific tasks for users: spreadsheets,
database systems, desktop publishing, program
development, games, etc…
• System software
– Provides infrastructure for application software
– Consists of operating system and utility
software
Software classification
Operating System Components
• Shell: Communicates with users
– Text based
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Kernel: Performs basic required functions
– File manager
– Device drivers
– Memory manager
– Process manager (Scheduler, dispatcher, etc..)
The shell as an interface between
users and the operating system
File Manager
• Role – coordinate the use of machine’s
mass storage facilities
• Hierarchical organization
– Directory (or Folder): A user-created bundle
of files and other directories (subdirectories)
– Directory Path: A sequence of directories
within directories
Device Manager
• Part of OS presented as a collection of device
drivers – specialized software that communicate
with the controllers to carry out operations on
peripheral devices connected to the computer
Memory Manager
• Has the task of coordinating the use of main
memory – allocates/de-allocates space in main
memory
Processes
• Process: The activity of executing a program
(NOT THE SAME THING AS A PROGRAM!!!)
– Program – static set of directions (instructions)
– Process – dynamic entity whose properties change as
time progresses. It is an instance in execution of a
program.
• Process State: Current status of the activity
– Program counter
Process Manager
• Scheduler – the part of kernel in charge with the
strategy for allocation/de-allocation of the CPU to
each competing process
– Maintains a record of all processes in the OS (via a
process table), introduces new processes to this pool
and removes the ones that completed
• Dispatcher is the component of the kernel that
overseas the execution of the scheduled processes
– Achieved by multiprogramming
Resource Manager oriented OS names
• DEC RSX – Resource Sharing eXecutive
• MIT Multics – MULTiplexed Information and
Computing Services
• IBM MFT/MVT – Multiple Fixed/Variable Tasks
• IBM MVS – Multiple Virtual Storage
• DEC VMS – Virtual Memory System
• MVS TSO – Time Sharing Option
• CTSS – Compatible Time Sharing System
• IBM VM – Virtual machine

A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Control program oriented OS names

• Unisys MCP – Master Control Program


• DR CP/M – Control Program/Microcomputer
• IBM VM/CP – VM Control Program
• IBM AIX – Advanced Interactive eXecutive
• DEC RSX – Resource Sharing eXecutive

A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Command Executer oriented OS names

• IBM AIX – Advanced Interactive Executive


• IBM VM/CMS – Conversational monitor
System

A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Scheduler
• Scheduler: Adds new processes to the
process table and removes completed
processes from the process table
• Process table contains
– Memory area assigned to the process
– Priority of the process
– State of the process (ready or waiting)
Deadlock
• Another problem of resource allocation -
Processes block each other from continuing
• Conditions required for deadlock
1. Competition for non-sharable resources
2. Resources requested on a partial basis
3. An allocated resource can not be forcibly
retrieved
A deadlock resulting from competition for
nonshareable railroad intersections
Getting OS Started (Bootstrapping)
• Booting: Procedure that transfers the OS from
mass storage (permanent) into the main memory
(volatile-thus empty when machine is turned on)
The booting process

You might also like