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SoM Chapter 2

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18 views12 pages

SoM Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Pereira Kastro
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter - 2 : Principal Stress and Strain


Chapter - 2 : Principal Stress and Strain

Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)

2.1 States of stress


 Uni-axial stress: only one non-zero principal stress,
i.e. ǔ1 Right side figure represents Uni-axial state of
stress
 Bi-axial stress: one principal stress equals zero, two
do not, i.e. > ; = 0 Right side figure represents Bi-
axial state of stress.
 Tri-axial stress: three non-zero principal stresses,
i.e. > > Right side figure represents Tri-axial states
of stress
Chapter - 2 : Principal Stress and Strain
 Isotropic stress: three principal stresses are equal, i.e. = =
Right side figure represents isotropic state of stress.
 Axial stress: two of three principal stresses are equal, i.e. = or
= Right side figure represents axial state of stress.
 Hydrostatic pressure: weight of column of fluid in
interconnected pore spaces. Phydrostatic =
 Hydrostatic stress: Hydrostatic stress is used to describe a
state of tensile or compressive stress equal in all directions
within or external to a body. Hydrostatic stress causes a
change in volume of a material. Shape of the body remains
unchanged i.e. no distortion occurs in the body. Right side
figure represents Hydrostatic state of stress
2.2 Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Let us consider a bar of uniform cross
sectional area A under direct tensile load P
giving rise to axial normal stress P/A acting
on a cross section XX. Now consider another
section given by the plane YY inclined at
with the XX. This is depicted in following
three ways. Area of the YY Plane = ;
Let us assume the normal stress in the YY
plane is and there is a shear stress acting
parallel to the YY plane. Now resolve the
force P in two perpendicular direction one
normal to the plane YY = Pcos and another
parallel to the plane YY = Pcos .
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Therefore equilibrium gives, or and

or or
 Note the variation of normal stress and shear stress with the variation of .
When normal stress is maximum i.e. and shear stress 0.
As is increased, the normal stress diminishes, until when increased shear stress increases to a
maximum value
at and then diminishes to 0 at
 The shear stress will be maximum when
 And the maximum shear stress when,
 In ductile material failure in tension is initialed by shear stress i.e. the failure occurs across the
shear planes at (where it is maximum ) to the applied load.
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Let us clear a concept about a common mistake. The angle is not
applied load and plane. It is between the planes XX and YY. But if in any
question the angle between the applied load and the plane is given
don’t take it as The angle between applied loan and the plane is - . In
this case you have to use the above formula as - and ) where is the
angle between the applied load and the plane. Carefully observe the
following two figures it will be clear.
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Let us take an example: A metal block of 100 mm2 cross sectional area
carries an axial tensile load of 10 kN. For a plane inclined at 300 with
the direction of applied load, calculate:
(a) Normal stress
(b) (b) Shear stress
(c) (c) Maximum shear stress.
Where
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Answer:
(a) Normal stress
(b) Shear stress
(c) Maximum Shear stress
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
 Complementary stresses:
Now if we consider the stresses on an oblique plane Y’Y’ which is
perpendicular to the previous plane YY. The stresses on this plane are
known as complementary stresses. Complementary normal stress is
and complementary shear stress is . The following figure shows all the
four stresses. To obtain the stresses and we need only to replace by in
the previous equation. The angle is known as aspect angle.
Therefore:
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
It is clear and
i.e. Complementary shear stresses are always equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign.
 Sign of Shear stress
For sign of shear stress following rule have to be followed:
The shear stress W on any face of the element will be considered
positive when it has a clockwise moment with respect to a centre
inside the element. If the moment is counterclockwise with respect to a
centre inside the element, the shear stress in negative.
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Note: The convention is opposite to that of moment of force. Shear
stress tending to turn clockwise is positive and tending to turn counter
clockwise is negative.

Let us take an example: A prismatic bar of 500 mm2 cross sectional


area is axially loaded with a tensile force of 50 kN. Determine all the
stresses acting on an element which makes 300 inclination with the
vertical plane.
Answer: Take an small element ABCD in 300 plane as shown in figure
below, Given, Area of cross-section, A = 500 mm2, Tensile force (P) = 50
Uni-axial stress on oblique plane
Normal stress on 30° inclined plane,
(+ive means tensile).

Shear stress on 30° planes, (+ive means clockwise).

Complementary stress on 90 +30 =


Normal stress on (+ive means tensile).

Shear stress on (-ive means counter clockwise).


State of stress on the element ABCD is given below (magnifying)

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