Control Statements

Mahit Kumar Paul

Lecturer, Dept. of CSE
RUET, Rajshahi-6204
[email protected]

07/07/2024 1
 Control Statements
• Enable to specify the flow of program control; i.e. the
order in which the instructions in a program must be
executed.
• Flow of control can be of basic three types:

• Sequential
• Selection
• Repetition

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 Control Statements…
• Sequential - Default mode. Sequential execution of
code statements. i.e. One line after another.
Example

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 Control Statements…
• Selection - Used for decisions making, branching. i.e.
choosing between two or more alternative paths.
• if
• if…else
• switch

• Repetition - Used for looping, i.e. repeating a piece of

code multiple times in a row.
• for
• while
• do…while
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 ‘if’ Statement
Syntax Flow Diagram

if(expression) {
//statement(s)
}

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 ‘if’ Statement…
Example

Output: a is bigger than b

This is next instruction following 'if'
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 ‘if…else’ Statement
• An if statement can be followed by an
optional else statement, which executes when the
expression of if portion is false.

• C programming language assumes any non-zero and

non-null values as true, and if it is either zero or null,
then it is assumed as false value.

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 ‘if…else’ Statement…

Syntax Flow Diagram

if(expression) {
//statement(s)
}
else{
//statement(s)
}

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 ‘if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: a is greater than 20

value of a is : 100
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 ‘if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: a is less than 20

value of a is : 100
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 ‘if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: a is greater than 20

value of a is : 100
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 ‘if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: a is greater than 20

value of a is : 100
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 ‘if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: a is less than 20

value of a is : 100
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 ‘if…else if…else’ Statement
• An if statement can be followed by an optional else
if...else statement.
• It is very useful to test various conditions using single
if...else if statement.
• When using if...else if...else statements, there are few
points to keep in mind −
 An if can have zero or one else's and it must
come after the last else if's.
 An if can have zero to many else if's and they
must come before the else.
 Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining
07/07/2024 else if's or else's will be tested. 14
 ‘if…else if…else’ Statement…
Syntax
if(expression) {
//statement(s)
}
else if(expression){
//statement(s)
}
…
else
//statement(s)

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 ‘if…else if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: Value of a is 20
07/07/2024 Exact value of a is: 20 16
 ‘if…else if…else’ Statement…
Example

Output: None of the values is matching

07/07/2024 Exact value of a is: 50 17
 Nested ‘if’ Statement
• Means you can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else if statement(s).

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 Nested ‘if’ Statement…
Syntax

if(expression) {
//statement(s)
if(expression) {
//statement(s)
}
}
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 Nested ‘if’ Statement…
Note: You can nest else if...else in the similar way as if
statements.

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 Nested ‘if’ Statement…
Example

Output: y = 6400
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 Nested ‘if’ Statement…
Example

Output:
Greater than -50
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 ‘switch’ Statement
• switch case statements are a substitute for long if…else
if statements that compare a variable to several integral
values.
• The switch statement is a multi-way branch statement. It
provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different
parts of code based on the value of the expression.
• switch is a control statement that allows a value to
change control of execution.

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Syntax Flow Diagram

switch (n)
{
case 1: // code to be executed if n = 1;
break;
case 2: // code to be executed if n = 2;
break;
……….
case p: // code to be executed if n = p;
default: // code to be executed if n
// doesn't match any cases
//default is optional
}
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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Example

Output:
n = 311
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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• The expression used in switch must be integral type ( int, char and
enum). Any other type of expression is not allowed.
Example

Output:

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• The expression used in switch must be integral type ( int, char and
enum). Any other type of expression is not allowed.
Example

Output:
p = 599
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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• All the statements following a matching case execute until a
break statement is reached.
Example

Output:
m = 300
n = 311

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• The default block can be placed anywhere. The position of default
doesn’t matter, it is still executed if no match found.
Example

Output:
No cases matched

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• The default statement is optional. Even if the switch case statement
do not have a default statement, it would run without any problem.
Example

Output:

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• The statements written above cases are never executed. After the switch statement,
the control transfers to the matching case, the statements written before case are not
executed.
Example

Output:
n = 311

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• Two case labels cannot have same value.

Example

Output:

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 ‘switch’ Statement…
Notes:
• Any number of case statements can be used within a
switch.

• Each case is followed by the value to be compared to and

a colon (:).

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 Nested ‘switch’ Statement…
• It is possible to have a switch as a part of the statement
sequence of an outer switch.

• Even if the case constants of the inner and outer switch

contain common values, no conflicts will arise.

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 Nested ‘switch’ Statement…
Syntax
switch(x1) {
case 1:
printf("This case 1 is part of outer switch" );
switch(x2) {
case 1:
printf("This case 1 is part of inner switch" );
break;
case 2: /* case code */
}
break;
case 2: /* case code */
}
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 Nested ‘switch’ Statement…
Example

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 Nested ‘switch’ Statement…
Output

This is part of outer switch

This is part of inner switch
Exact value of a is : 100
Exact value of b is : 200

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 THANKS

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