ME1400 EMI AND EMC

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1. Introduction to EMI/EMC

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 EMI in the Sky

On a flight from New York City’s La Guardia airport to Chicago’s

O’Hare airport, the captain observed an interference on the
navigational equipment during take-off. They found a passenger
using a laptop computer, and asked him to turn it off.
Sometime later, the same navigational problems recurred; the
same man had again turned on his laptop.
As the plane was descending, the VORs again had problems.
Once more the passenger had turned his computer on. He refused
repeatedly to turn it off.
The passenger was arrested for disorderly conduct.

EMI = Electromagnetic Interference

[Source: IEEE Spectrum, Feb. 1994, p.21] 3

4
 ESD on a PC

A Workstation Support person was attending to a call

regarding a PC which was continually freezing up. … air-
conditioner … very dry atmosphere. The staff noticed a lot of
static charge on his clothes and the client’s.
The client did have a static discharge pad under her
keyboard but had not been touching it prior to using the
keyboard. Support person instructed her to do so and … no
more freezing problem …!

ESD = Electrostatic Discharge

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 ESD on a Motor Vehicle

A “Vehicle Safety Recall” was issued by a well-known

motor vehicle manufacturer for six vehicle models
manufactured between 1995 and 1996.
“There exists a remote possibility that the driver air bag
may inadvertently deploy in certain atmospheric
conditions (high static electricity charges). This may
only occur when the driver is entering or exiting the
vehicle and touches the centre (air bag area) of the
steering wheel.”
… The recall service will be carried out free of charge…

[Source: The Australian, p. 7, Monday February 16, 1998] 6

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[Source: Electronics Australia] 8
 What is EMC?

EMC = Electromagnetic compatibility

Definition [IEC 61000-1-1]

The ability of a device, unit of equipment, or system to
function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment without introducing intolerable
electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that
environment.

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 European EMC Directive 89/336/EEC, ...
92/31/EEC, ... 2004/108/EC*

• The electromagnetic disturbance generated by

an apparatus does not exceed a level allowing
the radio and telecommunications equipment and
other apparatus to operate as intended.
• The apparatus has an adequate level of intrinsic
immunity to the electromagnetic disturbance to
enable it to operate as intended.

• *EMC Directive 2004/108/EC was published in the Office Journal (OJ) on 31 December
2004.
• 89/336/EEC to be repealed as from 20 July 2007.

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 Two Aspects to Consider

• Emission
the ability to operate without interfering with others

• Immunity
the ability to operate within a specified
electromagnetic environment

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 What is EMC?

Electromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC)

Immunity
Emission
(Susceptibility)

Conducted Radiated Conducted Radiated

Emission Emission Immunity Immunity

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 What is EMC? (cont’d)
EMISSIONS

Conducted Emissions (CE) Radiated Emissions (RE)

SIGNALS
CONDUCTED

N
POWER oise

RADIATED
POWER
Cu
r SIGNALS
re
nt
Conducted Susceptibility (CS) Radiated Susceptibility (RS)

SIGNALS
POWERD
S i is t u SIGNALS
gn rb POWER
al an
In c e
je
ct
ed

SUSCEPTIBILITY
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“Ingredients” for Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)

Disturbance Coupling Path Susceptible

Source Victim/Receptor

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Intentional and Unintentional Emitters and
Receptors

Intentional Emitters: Intentional Receptors:

Broadcast transmitters communications Radio/TV receivers
Mobile phones Mobile phones
Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
Remote-controlled transmitter Remote-controlled receiver

Unintentional Emitters: Unintentional Receptors:

Digital circuits/oscillators interference Telephone lines
Switching circuits Audio-visual systems
Auto ignition Analog circuits
Lightning/ESD Digital circuits

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 Lightning
an example of a
naturally occurring
noise source

Brisbane 19 May 2005

[Image Source: Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning] 16
 Lightning: Ground Voltage Gradient

Cloud Base from 1500

To 6500 ft AGL
From 300k to 7.5 Million V

Ground Gradient of 30 kA to
1000 to 3000 V/ft 50 kA

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 100

MAN MA URBAN
DE NOISE
10
SUBURBAN
Field Strength (mV/m)

CO
1.0 SM
IC
NO
I SE

DAYTIME
0.1
ATMOSPHERIC NOISE
NIGHT
TIME
0.01
10 100 1000 10,000
Frequency (MHz)
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Coupling Paths: Conducted and Radiated

Radiated,
chassis
To mains Source External
cable
Equipment Peripheral

Conducted,
Through common
Mains Impedance
Radiated,
chassis to chassis Radiated,
Conducted, cable to cable
Through common
earth Impedance

Victim External
Input
Equipment
External Mains Interference

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 Intersystem and Intrasystem EMC
• Intersystem EMC
– Source and victim are in two different pieces of an equipment
– A victim may also be a source
– Need to comply with the EMC regulations

Radio & TV
Lightning Broadcast

Conducted Noise
AC Power Circuit

Electric Motors
Mobile Radio

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Intersystem and Intrasystem EMC (cont’d)
• Intrasystem EMC
– Source and victim are in the same piece of an equipment
– Usually an in-house problem

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 EMI Mitigation Methods

• Separation in SPACE
• Separation in TIME
• Separation in FREQUENCY
• Application of the Design Techniques to:
– minimise source emissions
– minimise path couplings
– minimise victim susceptibility

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 Compatibility

Sources with Receptors with

controlled adequate
emissions immunity

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 Levels of Compliance

• harsh environment
Special/Contractual • security, … etc
Requirements • military standards + …

• sales, trade
Regulatory • legal obligation
Requirements • commercial standards

• functionality
In-house • reliability
Requirements • self-imposed design rules

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 Why Do We Need EMC Regulations?

• Safeguard the consumers

• Protect the environment
• Market forces
• International trade – import and export (free
trade)
• Prevent dumping
• Legal responsibility

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 EMC Regulations
• Europe ("International")
– EMC Directive (CE label)
• United States
– Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) Rules
FC
C

• Australia/New Zealand
– Australian EMC Framework (C-tick label)
• Other nations
– implementing…
• Most EMC regulations (except USA) are based
on the established international EMC standards
which prescribe the test methods and limits.

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Example of an EMC Compliance Labelling of a
Product

EUROPE

Emission

Immunity

CANADA

AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND

[Source: Keysight Technologies, E4980A brochure and data sheet] 27

International (CE) EMC Emission Standards

CISPR 11 (IEC 61000-3-11): ISM equipment

CISPR 12 (IEC 61000-3-12): Spark ignition engines
CISPR 13 (IEC 61000-3-13): TV receivers and audio equipment
CISPR 14 (IEC 61000-3-14): Electrical motor operated and
thermal appliances, electric tools
and similar apparatus
CISPR 15 (IEC 61000-3-15): Electrical lighting and similar
equipment
CISPR 16 (IEC 61000-3-16): CISPR measurement methods and
apparatus
CISPR 19 (IEC 61000-3-19): Microwave ovens
CISPR 22 (IEC 61000-3-22): Information technology

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 Class A and Class B Devices in EMC
Emission Standards

• Class A Nondomestic establishment

• Class B Domestic establishments
Other establishments using the LV supply connected
to the domestic establishments
• Warning notice WARNING
for Class A products: This is a Class A product. In a
domestic environment this product
may cause radio interference in
which case the user may be
required to take adequate
measures.

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 IEC Immunity Standards
• IEC 61000-4-2 Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
• IEC 61000-4-3 Radiated EM Field
• IEC 61000-4-4 Fast transient/burst
• IEC 61000-4-5 Surge
• IEC 61000-4-6 Conducted disturbance
• IEC 61000-4-11 Supply dips and variations

These are basic standards.

They are referred to by generic and product standards.

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 EMC Terms and Acronyms
• EMC = Electromagnetic compatibility
• EMI = Electromagnetic interference
• EM Disturbance = “RF noise”
• EM Environment = “Where the RF noise exists”
• Immunity = Ability to reject EM disturbances
• Susceptibility = Tendency to be interfered by EM
disturbances
• The following terms are the safety limits for a human (not
EMC):
– EMR = Electromagnetic radiation (RF emissions)
– EMF = Electromagnetic field (AC mains E and H fields)

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 References
• [1] T. Williams, “EMC for product designers”, 2007, Butterworth-
Heinemann (5th edition, 2016 is also available).
• [2] H. W. Ott, “Noise reduction techniques in electronic systems”, 1988,
John-Wiley & Sons.
• [3] The International Electrotechnical Commission homepage
(http://www.iec.ch/).
• [4] Publication Office of the Official Journal of European Union
(http://publications.europa.eu/about_us/index_en.htm).
• [5] Federal Communication Commission homepage
(http://www.fcc.gov/aboutus.html).
• [6] ANSI Accredited Standards Committee C63-EMC
(http://www.c63.org/).
• [7] C.R. Paul, “Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility”, Wiley
Interscience, 1992. (2nd edition 2006 available)

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