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Internet Protocol

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15 views10 pages

Internet Protocol

Uploaded by

ayanajadealejo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Layer:

Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the foundational networking protocol that enables
communication across diverse devices and networks. It defines the addressing
and routing mechanisms that power the global internet.
Internetworking
Interconnected Networks Protocols and Standards
Internetworking refers to the process of Internetworking relies on standardized
connecting multiple networks to allow protocols and technologies to enable
communication and data exchange between seamless communication across diverse
them. networks.

Routing and Addressing Scalability and Reliability


Key internetworking concepts include routing Internetworking architectures aim to provide
mechanisms and logical addressing schemes scalable and reliable connectivity for ever-
to direct data between interconnected growing numbers of devices and users.
networks.
Internet as a Datagram Network
1. The internet operates by transmitting data in discrete packets called datagrams, rather than
establishing a continuous circuit-switched connection.
2. Each datagram contains source and destination addresses and can be routed independently
through the network, without relying on prior communications.

3. This connectionless approach allows the network to be resilient and adaptive, as datagrams
can be rerouted around outages or congestion as needed.
Internet as a Connectionless Network
1 Packet-Switching
The internet uses packet-switching to transmit data, where messages are broken down
into smaller packets and sent independently across the network.

2 No Established Connection
Unlike connection-oriented protocols, the internet operates in a connectionless
manner, where each packet is routed independently without relying on a pre-
established connection.

3 Adaptive Routing
Packets can take different paths to reach their destination, allowing the network to
adapt to changing conditions and ensure reliable data delivery.
IP Versions (IPv4 and IPv6)
The two main versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is
the older, more widely used version, while IPv6 is the newer protocol designed
to address the limitations of IPv4, such as the depletion of IPv4 addresses.

IPv6 offers several improvements over IPv4, including a larger address space,
better support for mobile devices, and enhanced security features. As the
world transitions from IPv4 to IPv6, both protocols will coexist for some time to
ensure a seamless migration.
Datagram, Fragmentation, and Maximum
Transfer Unit (MTU)
The Internet Protocol (IP) transmits data in units called datagrams. Each datagram is a self-
contained packet of information with its own source and destination addresses. When a datagram is
larger than the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the underlying network, it must be fragmented
into smaller pieces for transmission.

Fragmentation is the process of dividing a large datagram into smaller fragments that can fit within
the MTU. The original datagram is reassembled at the destination. This allows IP to work over
networks with varying MTU sizes, ensuring reliable end-to-end communication.
Fields Related to Fragmentation
In IP networks, fragmentation occurs when a packet is too large to pass through a link. Key fields related
to this process include:

Identification A unique value that identifies the original


unfragmented datagram.

Flags Control bits that indicate if the packet can be


fragmented and the position of the fragment.

Fragment Offset The position of the fragment within the


original unfragmented datagram.
IP Options:
No Operation End of Option Record Route
This option is used as a This option indicates the This option records the IP
filler to ensure the overall end of all options, addresses of the network
IP header length is a signaling the start of the nodes the packet
multiple of 4 bytes, data portion of the IP traverses, allowing the
allowing for proper packet. sender to determine the
alignment. path the packet took.

Strict Source Route and Loose Timestamp


Source Route
This option records the time at which each
These options allow the sender to specify network node processes the packet,
the exact path the packet must follow providing a way to measure network delays.
(strict) or provide a list of waypoints the
packet should pass through (loose).
IPv6 Advantages and Packet Format
IPv6 offers several advantages over the older IPv4 protocol, including a vastly
expanded address space, improved quality of service, and built-in support for mobile
devices. The IPv6 packet format is also streamlined, with a simpler header and
optional extension headers.
Three strategies used to handle the
transition from IPv4 to IPv6

Dual-Stack Tunneling Translation


Running both IPv4 and IPv6 Encapsulating IPv6 packets Using a gateway to translate
protocols simultaneously on within IPv4 headers to enable between IPv4 and IPv6
the same network, allowing a communication between IPv6 packets, allowing
gradual transition between the and IPv4 networks. communication between the
two versions. two protocol versions.

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