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Lecture 10 - Hydrological Systems

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22 views42 pages

Lecture 10 - Hydrological Systems

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nu728182
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Application of Rainfall-

Runoff Hydrological
Models
Lecture 9
Introduction
• The Hydrologic Modeling System is designed to simulate the complete
hydrologic processes of dendritic watershed systems.
• The program simulates precipitation-runoff and routing processes, both
natural and controlled.
• It used for the large watershed
 flood hydrology
 water supply system.
• For small urban watershed
 water availability,
 urban drainage,
 flow forecasting,
 future urbanization impact,
 reservoir spillway design,
 flood damage reduction,
 flood plain regulation and
Models: Classification of Models
Physical models:
• Are reduced-dimension representations of real world systems. The
surface can be altered to simulate various land uses, soil types, surface
slopes, and so on; and the rainfall rate can be controlled.
• A more common application of a physical model is simulation of open
channel flow.
Analog models:
• that represent the flow of water with the flow of electricity
in a circuit.
• With those models, the input is controlled by adjusting the
amperage, and the output is measured with a voltmeter.
• Historically, analog models have been used to calculate
subsurface flow.
Models: Classification of Models

Mathematical models
• An equation or a set of equations that represents the
response of a hydrologic system component to a change in
hydrometeorological conditions.
Classification of Mathematical models
1. Event or continuous
This distinction applies primarily to models of watershed-
runoff processes.
 An event model simulates a single storm. The duration
of the storm may range from a few hours to a few days.
 A continuous model simulates a longer period,
predicting watershed response both during and
between precipitation events.
Classification of Mathematical models
2. Lumped or distributed
 A distributed model is one in which the spatial
(geographic) variations of characteristics and processes
are considered explicitly.

 In a lumped model, these spatial variations are


averaged or ignored.
Classification of Mathematical models
3. Empirical (system theoretic) or conceptual
 This distinction focuses on the knowledge base upon
which the mathematical models are built. A conceptual
model is built upon a base of knowledge of the
appropriate physical, chemical, and biological processes
that act on the input to produce the output.

 An empirical model is built upon observation of input


and output, without seeking to represent explicitly the
process of conversion e.g ANN.
Classification of Mathematical models
4. Deterministic or stochastic
 If all input, parameters, and processes in a model are
considered free of random variation and known with
certainty, then the model is a deterministic model.

 If instead the model describes the random variation


and incorporates the description in the predictions of
output, the model is a stochastic model.
Classification of Mathematical models
5. Measured-parameter or fitted-parameter
 A measured-parameter model is one in which model
parameters can be determined from system properties,
either by direct measurement or by indirect methods
that are based upon the measurements.

 A fitted-parameter model, includes parameters that


cannot be measured. Instead, the parameters must be
found by fitting the model with observed values of the
input and the output.
Constituents of a Model
All the models have the five (5) common components:
 1. State variables
 2. Parameters
 3. Initial conditions
 4. Boundary conditions
 5. Solving constituents
Constituents of a Model
All the models have the four (4) common components:
 1. State variables: These terms in the model’s equations
represent the state of the hydrologic system at a particular
time and location.

 2. Parameters: These are numerical measures of the


properties of the real world system. They control the
relationship of the system input to system output.
 Parameters can be considered the “tuning knobs” of a
model. The parameter values are adjusted so that the
model accurately predicts the physical system’s response.
Runoff Processes
Representation of Runoff Process
Synopsis of Included Models
Synopsis of Included Models
Synopsis of Included Models
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Description of Land Use Hydrologic Soil Group
A B C D
Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways 98 98 98 98
Streets and Roads:
Paved with curbs and storm sewers 98 98 98 98
Gravel 76 85 89 91
Dirt 72 82 87 89
Cultivated (Agricultural Crop) Land*:
Without conservation treatment (no terraces) 72 81 88 91
With conservation treatment (terraces, contours) 62 71 78 81
Pasture or Range Land:
Poor (<50% ground cover or heavily grazed) 68 79 86 89
Good (50-75% ground cover; not heavily grazed) 39 61 74 80
Meadow (grass, no grazing, mowed for hay) 30 58 71 78
Brush (good, >75% ground cover) 30 48 65 73
Woods and Forests:
Poor (small trees/brush destroyed by over-grazing or burning) 45 66 77 83
Fair (grazing but not burned; some brush) 36 60 73 79
Good (no grazing; brush covers ground) 30 55 70 77
Open Spaces (lawns, parks, golf courses, cemeteries, etc.):
Fair (grass covers 50-75% of area) 49 69 79 84
Good (grass covers >75% of area) 39 61 74 80
Commercial and Business Districts (85% impervious) 89 92 94 95
Industrial Districts (72% impervious) 81 88 91 93
Residential Areas:
1/8 Acre lots, about 65% impervious 77 85 90 92
1/4 Acre lots, about 38% impervious 61 75 83 87
1/2 Acre lots, about 25% impervious 54 70 80 85
1 Acre lots, about 20% impervious 51 68 79 84
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA)
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA)
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA)
Runoff Volume Estimation in Model
Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA)
Modeling Direct Runoff
• Snyder Unit Hydrograph
• SCS Unit Hydrograph
• Clark Unit hydrograph
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff

• Sheet flow usually becomes shallow concentrated flow after around 100 feet.
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff
Modeling Direct Runoff

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