SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

CE151P-2 .

BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN

MODULE 1

SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
1. Shallow Foundations
2. Deep Foundations

2
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Shallow Foundations
•Individual/Isolated Footing

•Combined Footing

•Continuous/Wall/Strip Footing

•Raft/Mat Foundation

3
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

ISOLATED FOOTINGS
•Pad Footing

• Constructed under each

column independently and is
usually square, rectangular,
or circular in shape. The
thickness of flat isolated
footing is uniform. It is
provided so as to reduce the
bending moments and
shearing forces at their
critical sections.

4
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

ISOLATED
PAD
FOOTINGS

5
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

ISOLATED
SLOPED
FOOTINGS

6
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

ISOLATED
STEPPED
FOOTINGS

7
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

COMBINED
FOOTINGS
Whenever two or more columns in a straight
line are carried on a single spread footing, it is
called a combined footing. Isolated footings
for each column are generally the
economical. Combined footings are provided
only when it is absolutely necessary

1. When two columns are close together,

causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings

2. Where soil bearing capacity is low,

causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings

3. Proximity of building line or existing

building or sewer, adjacent to a
building column

8
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

RECTANGUL
AR
COMBINED
FOOTING
R E C TA N G U L A R C O M B I N E D
FOOTING IS DESIGNED WHEN
T W O C O L U M N S C A R RY E Q U A L
LOADS.

9
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Trapezoidal
Combined
Footing
• Combined footing for two columns
becomes essential when the heavily
loaded column is near the property line
or when there is some restriction on
the total length of the footing, or when
one column carries a heavy load
compared to others.

10
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Strap
Combined
Footing
• This footing is useful when the
external column is very near to the
property line. A strap footing is a
combination of spread footings of two
columns connected by a strap beam.
• Beam connecting two spread footings
does not transfer any load to the soil.
The function of the strap beam is to
transfer a load of the heavily loaded
column to the inner column.

11
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

WALL/STRIP
FOOTINGS
•Wall footings are pad or spread and
strip footings which are used to
support structural or nonstructural
walls to transmit and distribute the
loads to the soil in such a manner that
the load-bearing capacity of the soil is
not surpassed.
•In addition to avoiding excessive
settlement and rotation and maintain
sufficient safety against sliding and
overturning.

12
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

RAFT/MAT
FOUNDATIO
N
•A raft or mat foundation is a large
continuous rectangular or circular
concrete slab that carries the entire load of
the superstructure and spreads it over the
whole area beneath the building.
•A raft foundation is often used when the
soil is weak, as it distributes the weight of
the building over the entire area of the
building, and not over smaller zones (like
individual footings) or at individual
points (like pile foundations). This
reduces the stress on the soil.

13
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Deep Foundations
•Piles
• A slender, cylindrical structural element
that is driven, drilled, or otherwise
inserted deep into the ground to provide
support and foundation stability for
various types of structures.

•Piers
• A vertical support structure typically
made of concrete, steel, or wood, and
it is used to transfer loads from a
superstructure (such as a bridge or
building) to the underlying soil or
bedrock.

14
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Classification of Piles

15
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Classification of Piles: Base on Function

SHEET PILES

16
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Classification of Piles: Based on Construction Method

17
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Classification of Piles: Based on Construction Method

•Driven Piles

• Long, slender columns made of preformed material

and having a predetermined shape and size that can
be installed by impact hammering, vibrating or
pushing it into the ground to a design depth or
resistance.

18
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Classification of Piles: Based on Construction Method

•Bored Piles

• Bored pile foundation or drilled shaft foundation is

a commonly used foundation for supporting heavy
vertical loads. It transfers the load to the soil below
or rock strata with sufficient bearing capacity and
reduces the settlement of the structure.

• The construction of the bored pile is divided into

two phases: the drilling phase and the
construction phase. In the drilling phase, the
spoil is removed to form a hole of the required
diameter and depth, while during the
construction phase, the reinforced concrete is
poured in situ. Therefore, bored piles are also
called replacement piles.

19
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Pile Driving Equipment

20
SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Pile Driving Equipment

21