SEQUENCES

DEF:
A sequence is a list of numbers in a given order:

a1 , a2 ,  , an , 

Example 1 1 1 1 1  an  1
1, , , , ,    n
2 3 4 5  n  n 1

first term second term n-th term

index

Example 1 2 3 4 
, , , ,   n 
 
2 3 4 5  n  1  n 1

Example 2 3 4 5  n 

, , , ,   n 1 
3 9 27 81  3 n2
SEQUENCES

DEF:
A sequence is a list of numbers in a given order:

a1 , a2 ,  , an , 

Example  1 2 3 4 5  
 , ,  , ,  , (1) n n 
   
 2 3 4 5 6   n  1  n 1

Example  2 3 4 5   n 1 n 


  , ,  , ,  ( 1) n 1 
 3 9 27 81   3 n2

Example Find a formula for the general term of the sequence

11 13 15 17 
 ,  , ,  , 
5 25 125 625 
SEQUENCES

Example Find a formula for the general term of the sequence

11 13 15 17 
 ,  , ,  , 
5 25 125 625 

Example Find a formula for the general term of the sequence

  3.14159265358979
1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, the digit in the th decimal place of
the number pi

Example Find a formula for the general term of the sequence

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21

f1  1,
f 2  1,
f n  f n 1  f n  2

This sequence arose when the 13th-century Italian mathematician known as

Fibonacci
SEQUENCES
Recursive Definitions

Example Find a formula for the general term of the sequence

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21

f1  1,
f 2  1,
f n  f n 1  f n  2

This sequence arose when the 13th-century Italian mathematician known as

Fibonacci

Example

a1  1, an  an 1  1

a1  1, an  n  an 1
SEQUENCES
PLOT THE SEQUENCES

Example 1 2 3 4 
, , , ,   n 
 
2 3 4 5  n  1  n 1
SEQUENCES
LIMIT OF THE SEQUENCES

Example 1 2 3 4 
, , , ,   n 
 
2 3 4 5  n  1  n 1

Example n
lim an  1 lim 1
n  n  n  1
SEQUENCES
Convergence or Divergence

Example

 n 
 
 n  1 n 1

2  n 
n 1

 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES

Example Determine whether the sequence is convergent or divergent.


lim (1)
n 
n

SEQUENCES

Example

 n 1
lim (1) 
n 
 n

Note:

 n 
lim (1) n

n 
 n 1
SEQUENCES

THEOREM;

f (x) continuous
an  convergent f (an ) convergent
an  L f ( an )  f ( L )

Example Find


lim sin( n )
n 
SEQUENCES

Factorial;
n! 1  2  3    (n  1)  n

Example NOTE

3! 3  2  1  6 10! 10  (9!)

5! 5  4  3  2  1  120 n! n  (n  1)!
SEQUENCES

THEOREM; (SQUEEZE THEOREM FOR SEQUENCES)

an  bn  cn for n  n0
bn  L
an  L cn  L

Example Find

 cos n 
lim  
n 
 n  1
lim  n 
n  2
 
 n 1
lim (1) 
n 
 n
SEQUENCES

THEOREM; (SQUEEZE THEOREM FOR SEQUENCES)

an  bn  cn for n  n0
bn  L
an  L cn  L

Example Find n!
lim n
n  n

where n! 1  2  3    (n  1)  n
SEQUENCES

Example For what values of r is the sequence convergent?

n
{r } n
lim r
n 

nconv 1  r  1
The sequence { r } is 
 div other values
SEQUENCES

n conv 1  r  1
The sequence { r } is 
 div other values
SEQUENCES
DEFINITION DEFINITION
{ an } bounded from above { an } bounded from below

an  M for all n an  M for all n

M Upper bound If M is an upper bound but M Lower bound If m is a lower bound but
no number less than M is no number greater than m
an upper bound then M is is a lower bound then m is
the least upper bound. the greatest lower bound

Example Example 3  1  Is bounded below greatest upper

  bound = ??
 n an  3
 n  Is bounded above
  by any number
 n 1 greater than one If an  is bounded If an  is not bounded


from above and below,

we say that
a n  1 .1 an  1.001
M 1 Least upper bound an  bounded an  unbounded
SEQUENCES

If an  is bounded If an  is not bounded


from above and below,

we say that

an  bounded an  unbounded

SEQUENCES
DEFINITION

{ an } non-decreasing an  an 1 for all n  1

a1  a2  a3  a4  

DEFINITION
{ an } non-increasing an  an 1 for all n  1
a1  a2  a3  a4  
SEQUENCES

DEFINITION

{ an } non-decreasing an  an 1 for all n  1

a1  a2  a3  a4  

DEFINITION
{ an } non-increasing an  an 1 for all n  1
a1  a2  a3  a4  

DEFINITION
{ an } monotonic

if it is either nonincreasing or nondecreasing.

SEQUENCES

DEFINITION { an } non-increasing an  an 1 for all n  1

DEFINITION { an } non-decreasing an  an 1 for all n  1

Example Is the sequence increasing or decreasing  3 

 
 n5 

Example12 Is the sequence increasing or decreasing  n 

 2 
2-solutions  n 1 
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES

How to find a limit of a sequence

THEOREM; f (x) continuous f (an ) convergent

an  convergent an  L f ( an )  f ( L )

THEOREM; (SQUEEZE THEOREM)

THEOREM;
an  bn  cn for n  n0 Every bounded, monotonic
bn  L
an  L cn  L sequence is convergent

conv 1  r  1
The sequence { r n } is 
 div other values
SEQUENCES

How to find a limit of a sequence

)IF you can(

Use other prop. To find the
use Math-101 to limit
.find the limit
bn  an  cn squeeze

conv 1  r  1
{ r n } is 
 div other values

:Example an  0  an  0

n
lim
n  n  1 :Example
n!
lim n
n  n
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES

TERM-082
SEQUENCES

TERM-082
SEQUENCES

TERM-092
SEQUENCES

TERM-092