INTRODUCTION

Inam Ullah
[email protected]
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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CITY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 CONTENTS
 SURVEY AND LEVELING  CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY

 OBJECT OF SURVEY  MEASUREMENT AND

INSTRUMENTS
 WHY SHOULD WE STUDY
SURVEY?  CHAIN AND TAPE

 PARTS OF SURVEYOR WORK  PRINCIPLE OF SURVEY

 SHAPE OF EARTH  RANGING OUT SURVEY LINE

 PRIMARY DIVISION OF SURVEY  ERRORS IN LENGTH DUE TO

INCORRECT CHAIN
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 SURVEYING
The process of determining by measurement, the relative
positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth
surface, in order to produce map or plan (which shows
feature of the surface) in horizontal or vertical plane.

• The Term surveying refers to those measurements or

operation, which deal in production of map or plan in
horizontal plane.
OR
• Surveying is the science of measuring and representing
natural and artificial features on the ground in a limited
area, regarding the earth as flat.
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 LEVELING
• The art of determining the relative
heights or elevation of different
points on the surface of earth.

• Determining position of points in

vertical plane.
• Surveying and leveling are
considered as distinct operations,
however in broad sense, the term
surveying includes leveling.
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 OBJECT OF SURVEY
• The Primary objective of survey is the preparation of plan and map of
an area.

• The result of survey in the form of data when plotted and drawn on
paper, we get a plan/map.

• If the scale is large it is called Plan.

E.g Plan of a Building
let 1:100

• If the scale is small, it is called Map.

E.g Map of Pakistan
let 1:25,000 5
 Why should we study surveying?
• You may be required to
perform simple surveying
operations (particularly if
you're employed in
construction company and
Local Gov.), or you will need to
discuss your needs with
surveyors.

• Every Engineer needs

surveying skills 6
 Parts of Surveyor’s work
• Decision making (selecting
techniques and equipment,
etc.)
• Fieldwork (data acquisition)
• Data processing (calculations
to give locations, areas,
volumes, etc.)
• Mapping (maps, plans, charts)
• Reporting (conclusion of the
task) 7
 Shape of Earth

The earth is Approximately Spheroid.

Sphere

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 Primary Division of Survey
1. Geodetic Surveying 2. Plane surveying

1. Geodetic Surveying:

• When the radius of curvature of earth is taken in to

account.

– Large area and large distances are covered.

– Object of geodetic survey is to determine precise positions
on the surface of earth.
– Refined Instruments and Methods are used.
– Conducted by Government agencies. 9
 Primary Division of Survey
2. Plane Surveying:

• When radius of curvature of the earth is not

taken into account.

– Small area and small distances are covered

– Degree of accuracy is comparatively low.
– American survey put 250 km2 for treating survey as
Plane, but controlling factor should be degree of
precision rather than extent of area.
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 Classification of Survey
1. Based upon Nature of field
– Land Survey
– Marine Survey
– Astronomical Survey

2. Based upon Object of Survey

– Geological Survey different strata in the earth crust.
– Mine Survey mineral wealth such as coal, gold.
– Military Survey points of strategic importance.

3. Based upon Method Employed

– Triangulation
– Traversing

4. Based upon Instrument Used

– Chain , Theodolite, Compass, Plane Table, Photographic and Aerial Surveys
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Land Survey can be further divided into:
1. Topographical Survey :
– Determine natural features of a country such as hills, valleys, lakes woods
etc. and also arterial features such as roads, buildings, canals, towns etc.

2. Cadastral Survey :
– Details such bundies of houses, town, fields and other properties
pathways are determined.
 City Survey
 Engineering Survey
Engineering Survey can be further divided into:
• Reconnaissance -the feasibility and rough cost of the
scheme
• Preliminary Survey -for collecting more precise data.
• Location Survey - for setting out the work on the ground12
 Measurements & Instrumentation
What is measured?
Two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
1) Linear 2) Angular

Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical

distance distances angle angle

• In Surveying all measurements are horizontal,

can be inclined , reduce to horizontal and
vertical components in plotting.

• Distance between 2 points on a plan or map is

always horizontal distance irrespective of their
elevation,(distance between their projection on
horizontal plane). 13
Measurements & Instrumentation

What is measured?
Distances
–To calculate areas, volumes, etc.
–To draw plans, maps, etc.
Angles
–Both horizontal and vertical
Heights
–Levels or elevations.
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 How are these measured and which
instrument should I use?
Distances (horizontal)
-Chaining, Taping (steel tape),
Tacheometry (theodolite), electronic (EDM,
GPS)
Angles
-Tacheometry (theodolite, total station),
Heights
-leveling (level, theodolite, total station)
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 Instruments For Measuring Distances
Two main methods for measuring distances
(Linear Measurements)

A. Direct Method B. Indirect method

• By chain or Tape or • Distance is obtain by
other Instruments calculation
directly
i.e. Triangulation

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 Direct Measurement
Several methods/ Instruments are available

1. Pacing
2. Passometer
3. Pedometer
4. Odometer
5. Speedometer
6. Perambulator
7. Judging distance
8. Time Measurement

9. Chaining 17
 Chaining
Most Common method is the method of
measuring distance with a Chain or Tape, Called
Chaining.

• For Ordinary work (less Precision) Chain is Used.

• For Great Accuracy Steel Tape is used.

• Chaining with Chain.

• Taping with Tape.

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 CHAIN
• Chain is composed of 100-150 pieces of
galvanized mild steel called LINKS.

• Links are Connected to each other

through oval ring for flexibility.

• End Provided with Brass handle to drag

chain, Outside of handle is ZERO.

• Length Measured from outside of one

handle To outside of other handle.

• Metallic tags are attached to specified

distances. 19
 Different Types of Chain
Following are the various types of chain in
common use:
1) Metric chains
2) Steel band or Band chain
3) Gunter`s chain or surveyors chain
4) Engineers chain
5) Revenue chain 20
 Different Types of Chain
Gunter’s Chain
• Length= 66’ (22 yards), No of links= 100, Each link= .66’
• Used for measuring distances in miles or furlongs(220
yards), acres(Area).

Engineer’s Chain
• Length=100’, No of links=100, Each link = 1’
• Used in all Engineering Surveys.

Revenue Chain
• Length=33’, No of links= 16 21
 METRIC CHAIN
Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m.
Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length and brass
rings are provided at every meter length except
where tallies are attached.

Metric Chain and Steel band Chain 22

 TAPES
Tapes are made of different materials
1) Cloth or linen tape
-Used for subsidiary measurements
-Very light, easy to handle
-May effect by moisture
2) Metric steel tape
-Made of steel
-Outer end is provided with a ring for holding
3) Invar tape
-Used for high precision work
-Made of alloy steel
4) Synthetic tape
- Made of glass fiber with PVC coating 23
 PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING
Two Fundamental Principles

1. To work from the Whole to the Part, not from the part
to the Whole.
e.g. set out the main frame first, and add details onto the
frame. Object of this system is to prevent accumulation of errors and
to control and localized minor errors

2. To Fix Position of New point (Station) by at least two

independent processes.
New Station can be fixed from points already fixed by
1) Linear measurement 2) Angular measurement 3) or Both
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 Methods of locating Points
(New Station)
In Surveying relative position of points are located
by measurement from at least two points of
reference, whose positions must be known already.

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 CHAINING OF A LINE
Two persons are required
1. LEADER 2. FOLLOWER

Duties of Leader:
– To drag the chain
– To insert arrows at the end of survey chain length
– To obey instructions of the follower

Duties of Follower:
– To place leader in line with ranging rod
– Always carry the rear handle in his hand
– To pick up the arrows inserted by the leaders. 26
 Ranging Out Survey Line
Ranging is process of establishing Intermediate points
on straight line between the terminal points or stations.

Intermediate points
Station / terminal points Station / terminal points

Different kinds of Ranging

1. Direct Ranging 2. Indirect Ranging

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 1. Direct Ranging
It is used while ranging on a plane ground, when
two points are intervisible.
PROCEDURE:
» Fix the ranging rods at the two given stations.
» The follower stand behind station A and directs the leader, with ranging
rod to come in line with AB by signals of ranging.
» When the ranging rod comes in the line of AB the follower directs the
leader to fix the ranging rod in position.
» Let the intermediate point be C which should be less than 100 feet.

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Now the leader taken another ranging rod and stands between A and
B about 2/3 distance from A
» The follower directs the leader to come in line of AB by using signals
of ranging.
» As and when the point is located in the line of AB the follower
instructs to fix the ranging rod in position.
» Let the other intermediate position be D which is less than 100 feet
from B
» Now A, B, C and D are in one line.
Now the leader and follower measure the distance by measuring
along A, C, D, B.

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 2. In Direct Ranging
This type of ranging is carried out when two sides
are not inter-visible

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 Errors in Length due to incorrect
Chain
The most common errors are that the chain may be too
long or too short. It will be corrected by using the formula:

The length of a line = L’/L * (Measured Distance)

Where: L’= Incorrect Length of chain

L = Correct length of chain
• If chain is too long then the measured length will be smaller than
the actual, so the error is negative and the correction is positive.
• If chain is too short then the measured length will be too long that
is longer than the actual, so the error is positive and the correction
is negative.
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 Example
The length of a line measured with the help of 20m chain was
found to be 634.4m. It was found afterwards that the chain
was 0.05 m too long.
Find the true length of the chain.
Solution:

True length of line =L’/L x (measured length)

L’=(20+0.05) = 20.05 m
L=20 m
Measured length= 634.4m

True length = (20.05/20)x(634.4)

= 635.99 m 32