GREEN ROOFS

TECHNICIAN TRAINING
PROGRAM
www.green-roofs.eu
Implementation period: 36 months (01/09/2022-31/08/2025)

Date 2023 10 27

KVK
Eglė Brezgytė, Dainora Jankauskienė, Lina Kuklienė, Indrius Kuklys

Project no. 2022-1-PL01-KA220-HED-000086828

 What is GIS (digital mapping)?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a
framework for gathering, managing and analysing
data.
Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates
many types of data. It analyses spatial location and
organises layers of information into visualisations
using maps and 3D scenes.
 Components of GIS

Hardware;
Software;
Data;
People;
Methods.
 GIS data sources
Data capture and compilation is very time consuming and costly – up to
80% cost of a GIS.

Primary Data – data captured specifically for use in GIS (Remote sensing
(satellite image, Lidar, multibeam survey), GPS, digital aerial
photographs.

Secondary Data – data

reused from earkier
sources (DEMS from
topographic map
contours, scanned
paper maps)
Various platforms and sensors used for remote
sensing
 Various platforms and sensors used for
remote sensing

Satellites are objects orbiting planets

that are held in orbit by the
gravitational forces of the planets.
Satellites are designed to observe
the Earth's surface in order to gather
specific information on land cover
and its changes, waters, crops,
minerals, etc. Satellite imagery
provides accurate, detailed and
temporally repeated data over large
areas.
 Satellites can be classified according to their
function:
1) Research satellites designed to collect basic
information about the Universe;
2) Earth research satellites used to map and
monitor the Earth's resources;
3) Communications satellites to enable
telephone, radio and television
communications worldwide;
4) Navigation satellites for high-precision
positioning of planes, ships, submarines and
individuals.
5) Military satellites used by the govermment
to spy onother nations or spy on our own
nation.
6) Weather satellites used to collect data and
research weather patterns the world.
Current GNSS:
1. GPS (NAVSTAR) - a United States system that has been fully operational since 1993.
2. GLONASS - a navigation system developed by the Russian Federation, completed in
1995 and fully operational since 2011.
GNSS under development:
3. "Galileo - a navigation system under development by the European Union with 30
satellites. Galileo is being developed to reduce the European Union's dependence
on the GPS and GLONASS navigation systems.
4. "BeiDou” (or Compass), a system being developed by China, which started global
services in 2018 but became fully operational in 2020. China expects this system to
be more accurate than GPS, GLONASS and Galileo.
5. India (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, IRNSS) and Japan (Quasi-Zenith
Satellite System, QZSS) are also developing their own global navigation systems.
 Various platforms and sensors used for remote
sensing
Aircraft - specialised aerial photography laboratories are used when high quality
remote sensing data are required. These aircraft are typically equipped with a
dedicated photocell system, facilities for installing the aerial photography
equipment, dedicated flight control equipment, and special equipment for
controlling the execution of the remote sensing project itself. They have the
ability to fly fast and stable at high altitudes, have pressurised cockpits, minimal
take-off and landing times, and ground surveillance and orientation capabilities.
Aircraft shall be equipped to fly over the territory of the Republic of Lithuania
(radio transponders). Aircraft are usually based on standard models.
Helicopters are intended for projects requiring efficient data collection on objects
with complex configurations, often small. Their use is relatively very expensive.
 Various platforms and sensors used for remote
sensing
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) - an
unmanned aircraft operated automatically
or remotely. Often associated with military
use, unmanned aerial vehicles can be
fitted with remote sensing sensors such as
a digital camera or hyperspectral camera
and navigation equipment. Although UAVs
can be remotely piloted, a prerequisite for
remote sensing is autonomous flight and
the collection of data according to a
predefined flight plan. UAVs are used
especially for small area photography
where high product accuracy is required.
Remote sensing with Unmanned Aerial
System
Classification of UAV based on wings and rotors.
 Evaluation the usage of different platforms

(Source: https://gisgeography.com/remote-sensing-earth-observation-guide/#chapter1

Unmanned aerial Airplanes and Low Earth orbit

Platforms
vehicles (UAVs) helicopters satellites
Very high-resolution
High resolution High to coarse
imagery
imagery; pilot- resolution imagery;
Advantages programmable flight
flown flight paths; large coverage
paths; LiDAR
LiDAR capabilities. extent.
capabilities.
Very small coverage Small coverage Coverage limited
Disadvantages extent; visual line of extent; flight to orbital path;
sight. operation. cloud obstructions.
 Sensors of Remote sensing
Sensors, or instruments, aboard satellites and aircraft use the Sun as a source of
illumination or provide their own source of illumination, measuring energy that is
reflected back.
• Sensors that use natural energy from the Sun are called passive sensors;
• Sensors that provide their own source of energy are called active sensors.
 Drone passive sensors (photogrammetry) vs.
active sensors (LiDAR): what sensor to
choose

Drone passive sensors (photogrammetry) Drone active sensors (LiDAR)

 How does photogrammetry (passive sensors)
work?
Photogrammetry is the science of making
measurements from photographs.

The camera is mounted in an aircraft and is usually

pointed vertically towards the ground. Aerial
photographs are taken from the air by special camera
mounted in an aircraft flying over the area with the
camera axis vertical or nearly so. Multiple overlapping
photos of the ground are taken as the aircraft flies
along a flight path. These photos are processed in a
stereo-plotter (an instrument that lets an operator
see two photos at once in a stereo view). These
photos are also used in automated processing for
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) creation.
UAV-PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The photography images of the terrain are

obtained by using a digital photo camera,
which is integrated in the UAV.

The UAV-Photogrammetry system consists of:

• unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with
integrated photographic equipment, GPNS,
surface scanning equipment (laser scanner),
• flight planning and control equipment,
• photographic image processing software.
UAV FLY MISSIONS FOR CAPTURE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY DATA
PIX4D CAPTURE, FLIGHT MISSION
SETTINGS WINDOW
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS FIXED
AT MEASUREMENTS
POSITION OF GROUND CONTROL
POINTS IN THE OBJECT
 PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS FROM DJI
MATRICE 600 PRO, CAMERA DJI ZENMUSE
X5

Flight height – 50 m
Pixel size on the ground – 2 cm.
 3D surface model created
from photos

Ortho Photographic map

created from hundreds photos
 DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS

DSM (Digital surface model)

DTM (Digital terrain model)
 LIDAR SCANING SYSTEM

Lidar is a surveying method that measures distance to a target by

illuminating the target with pulsed laser light and measuring the
reflected pulses with a sensor.
Lidar sometimes is called 3D laser scanning, a special combination of
a 3D scanning and laser scanning.
 HOW DOES LIDAR WORK ?
LiDAR for drones matches perfectly with:
• Small areas to fly over (<10 sq. km or 100 km
linear);
• Mapping under vegetation;
• Hard-to-access zones;
• Data needed in near real-time or frequently;
• Accuracy range required between of 2.5 and
10 cm.
• Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a similar
technology to Radar, using laser instead of radio wave.
• LiDAR principle:
1. emitting a laser pulse on a surface
2. catching the reflected laser back to the LiDAR pulse
source with sensors
3. measuring the time laser travelled
4. calculating the distance from source with the
formula “Distance = (Speed of light x Time elapsed) / 2
 Surface scanning with LIDAR system

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uikw0gWDY4w

3
 HOW A LIDAR SYSTEM IS BUILT?
The equipment needed to measure a million distances from sensors to surface points is a
LiDAR system. This advanced-technology operates really fast as is able to calculate the
distance between LiDAR sensors and target . LiDAR systems integrate 3 main components
whether there are used on automotive, aircrafts or drones:
• Aircraft;
• Scanning laser emitter-receiver unit;
• Differentially-corrected GPS;
• Inertial measurement unit (IMU);
LIDAR technology is used in
• Computer.
geographical information
systems (GIS) to produce
digital surface model (DSM) or
digital terrain model (DTM) for
3D mapping models.
 LiDAR „green“
scaning data

Digital terrain model DTM

created from millions points
LIDAR DATA EXPORTED TO .dwg (CAD)
FORMAT
THANK YOU!
GREEN ROOFS
TECHNICIAN TRAINING
PROGRAM
www.green-roofs.eu
Implementation period: 36 months (01/09/2022-31/08/2025)
Project no. 2022-1-PL01-KA220-HED-000086828

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the
author(s) only and do not necessarily reflectthose of the European Union or the
European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European
Union norEACEA can be held responsible for them.