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Data Presentation

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13 views29 pages

Data Presentation

Uploaded by

doctoramitgupta100
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF

STATISTICAL DATA
Meaning Of Graphical Representation Of
Data

 A picture is said to be more effective than words for


describing
a particular thing.
 A graphic representation is the geometrical image of a set of
data .
 It is a mathematical picture.
 It enables us to think about a statistical problem in
visual terms.
 It is an effective and economic device for the
IMPOTANCE OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

 It is used to make the data understandable to


common man.
 It helps in easy and quick understanding of data.
 Data displayed by graphical representation can
be memorised for a long time.
 Can be compared at a glance.
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
Ungrouped Grouped
Data Data

Line Graph Histogra


m
Bar Graph Frequency
Polygon

Pie Diagram Or
Frequency
Circle Graph
Curve
Line graph:
line graphs are simple
Mathematical graphs that are
drawn on the
graph paper by plotting the
data connecting one
variable on the horizontal X-
axis and other variable of
data on the vertical Y-axis.
EXAMPLE:
Time 10 11 12 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm 6
am am pm pm
No of 2 6 10 22 15 5 4 4 3
People
Bar
graph:
 In bar graphs data is represented by bars.
 The bars can be made in any direction i.e. vertical or
horizontal.
 The bars are taken of equal weight and start from a
common horizontal or vertical line and their length
indicates the corresponding values of statistical data.

When do we use bar diagram ?


⚫When the data are given in whole numbers.
⚫When the data are to be compared easily.
How To Make A Bar
Graph ?
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug

No. of buses 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1800
manufacture
d
Pie diagram:
 It is a circle in which different components are
represented through the sections or portions of a circle.
 To draw a pie diagram, first the value of each category is
expressed as a percentage of the total and then the angle
360⁰ is divided in the same percentages.
 Then at the centre of a circle these angle are
drawn simultaneously starting from a
particular radius.
 In this way we get a set of sectorial areas
proportional to the values of the items.
When do we use pie
diagram?
⚫When the data are given in percentage.
⚫When different aspect of a variable are to be
displayed.
⚫When the data are to be compared normally.
HOW TO MAKE A PIE
DIAGRAM ?
EXAMPLE:
(Table: the result of class 10 of a school)
Marks First Second Third Failures
Division

% of student 20% 56% 20% 4%


Marks % of Approx . Angle in
Division student degree second div. first div.

First 20%
failure third div.

Second 56%
72

Third 20% 14.4

201.6
72
Failures 4%
HISTOGRAM:

⚫A histogram is essentially a bar graph of a


frequency distribution.
⚫It can be constructed for equal as well as unequal
class intervals.
⚫Area of any rectangle of a histogram is proportional to
the frequency of that class.
When do we use
histogram ?
 When data are given in the form of
frequencies.
 When class interval has to be displayed by a
diagram.
When we need to calculate the Mode of a
distribution graphically.
How to make
Histogram ?
Histogram for equal class
Class
width: Freq
Interval .
(Height in
cm)

155-160 3

160-165 2

165-170 9

170-175 7

175-180 10

180-185 5

185-190 5

190-195 1
Histogram for unequal class
width:
Class Fre Class Frequency
bound que Density
ary Widt
ncy h
0-10 8 10

10-15 6 5

15-20 12 5

20-24 14 4

24-35 7 11

35-40 3 5
Calculation of MODE through Histogram

Mode = OQ
Mode = 35
CALCULATION 0F MODE
⚫ 40,20 and
(30,25)
⚫
1st(30,20) and line
straight : 𝑦−20
(40,25)
𝑥 −40
25−20
=
30−40
=> 𝑦 − 20 = 5 ∗ 𝑥−
10
40
……………. (1)
2nd Straight
𝑦 − 20line 25
: − 20
=
𝑥 − 30 40 − 30
5
=> 𝑦 − 20 = − ∗ 𝑥 − 30
10
…………(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) ,
we get
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓
FREQUENCY PLOGON:

 A frequency polygon is essentially a line graph .


 We can get it from a histogram, if the mid points of the upper
bases of the rectangles are connected by straight lines.
 But it is not essential to plot a histogram first to draw it.
 We can construct it directly from a given frequency distribution.
When do we use Frequency
polygon?
o When data are given in the form of frequencies.
o When two or more groups have to be
displayed in one diagram.
o When two or more groups are to be compared.
How to draw frequency
Height
in Cm polygon?
Mid
value
frequen
cy
(class
interval)

150-154 152 10

154-158 156 15

158-162 160 20

162-166 164 12

166-170 168 8
Two or more groups can be compared
through Frequency Polygon
FREQUENCY CURVE:
 Frequency curve is another type of graphical representation of
data.
 When then top points of a frequency polygon are
joined not by straight lines but by curved ones.
 Frequency polygon is drawn using scale while while
Frequency curve is drawn using free hand.
When do we use frequency
curve ?

When the number of class intervals are very large i.e.,width of


the class intervals are very small and the total number of
sample values be increased indefinitely.
FREQUENCY
POLYGON
V/S
FREQUENCY CURVE
CONCLUSION
So we can conclude that statistical data
may be presented in a more attractive
form with the help of some graphic aids
i.e., pictures and diagrams which carries a
lot of communication power and the task
of understand and interpretation of data
becomes simple, accurate and practicable.

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