CRIM211+ (Human+Behavior) + +Final+Ppt.

CRIM211
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

VICTIMOLOGY
FINAL
WEEK 13
PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
Personality Disorder
• causes distorted perceptions of reality,
abnormal behaviors and distress across
various aspects of life, including work,
relationships and social functioning.
• a mental health condition with long-lasting, all-
encompassing, disruptive patterns of
thinking, behavior, mood and relating to
others.
Categories of Personality Disorders
Cluster A involve unusual and eccentric thinking
or behaviors. (Odd or Eccentric Behaviors)
1. Paranoid Personality Disorder. The main
feature of this condition is paranoia, which is a
relentless mistrust and suspicion of others
without adequate reason for suspicion. People
with this disorder often believe others are trying to
demean, harm or threaten them.
2.Schizoid Personality Disorder. This
condition is marked by a consistent pattern of
detachment from and general disinterest in
interpersonal relationships. People with
this disorder have a limited range of
emotions when interacting with others.
3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder. People
with this condition display a consistent
pattern of intense discomfort with and limited
need for close relationships. Relationships
may be hindered by their distorted views of
reality, superstitions and unusual behaviors.
Cluster B involve dramatic and erratic behaviors.
(Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors)
1. Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD).
People with this condition show a lack of
respect toward others and do not follow socially
accepted norms or rules. They may break the
law or cause physical or emotional harm to
others around them.
2. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).
This condition is marked by difficulty with
emotional regulation, resulting in low self-
esteem, mood swings, impulsive behaviors
and subsequent relationship difficulties.
3.Histrionic Personality Disorder. This
condition is marked by intense, unstable
emotions and a distorted self-image.
They have an overwhelming desire to be
noticed by others and may display dramatic
and inappropriate behaviors to get attention.
4. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. This
condition involves a consistent pattern of
perceived superiority and grandiosity, an
excessive need for praise and admiration
and a lack of empathy for others. These
thoughts and behaviors often stem from low
self-esteem and a lack of self-confidence.
Cluster C involve severe anxiety and fear.
(Anxious, Fearful Behaviors)
1. Avoidant Personality Disorder. People with
this condition have chronic feelings of
inadequacy and are highly sensitive to being
negatively judged by others. They tend to
avoid social interaction due to the intense fear
of being rejected.
2.Dependent Personality Disorder. This
condition is marked by a constant and
excessive need to be cared for by someone
else. People with this disorder often become
very close to another person and spend great
effort trying to please that person. They tend to
display passive and clinging behavior and have a
fear of separation.
3.Obsessive - Compulsive Personality
Disorder (OCPD). This condition is marked by
a consistent and extreme need for
orderliness, perfectionism and control
with no room for flexibility that ultimately slows
or interferes with completing a task. It can
also interfere with relationships.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
(OCPD) is a separate condition from
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which is
classified as an anxiety disorder. While people with
OCD usually are aware that OCD is causing their
behavior and accept they need to change,
people with OCPD usually have little, if any, self-
awareness of their behaviors.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenia is a mental health condition that
usually appears in early adulthood or late
adolescence.
• Positive symptoms or those abnormally
present. Hallucinations, such as hearing
voices or seeing things that do not exist,
paranoia and exaggerated or distorted
perceptions, beliefs and behaviors.
• Negative symptoms or those abnormally
absent. A loss or a decrease in the ability to
initiate plans, speak, express emotion or
find pleasure.
• Disorganized symptoms such as confused
and disordered thinking and speech,
trouble with logical thinking and
sometimes bizarre behavior or abnormal
movements.
Types of Hallucinations
• Auditory or sound hallucinations - hearing
sounds that are not real, like music,
footsteps or doors banging or hearing
voices when no one has spoken.
• Visual or sight hallucinations - seeing things
that are not real, like objects, shapes,
people, animals or lights.
Types of Hallucinations
• Tactile or touch hallucinations - causes to feel
touch on the body or movement in the body that is
not real like bugs are crawling on the skin.
• Olfactory or smell hallucinations - experiencing
smells that do not exist or that no one else
can smell.
• Gustatory or taste hallucinations - cause tastes
that are often strange or unpleasant.
Kinds of Schizophrenia
1.Paranoid. It usually manifests itself in intense
and nonsensical suspicion and the feeling
of being followed or watched. They will
focus on this delusion and become entirely
preoccupied with it, sometimes experiencing
auditory hallucinations that confirm their
suspicions.
2.Catatonic. An individual with this
schizophrenia will either move too much or
too little. If they are not moving, they will either
sit motionlessly and resist any attempts to
move them. If they are moving, they will engage
in purposeless movement, repeat what others
say over and over, and mimic the
movements of those around them.
3.Residual. Residual schizophrenics are not
currently experiencing any of the more serious
symptoms of schizophrenia, including no signs of
hallucinations, disorganized speech or catatonic
behaviors. However, they will experience at
least two minor symptoms, such as odd beliefs,
trouble paying attention, withdrawing from
society and talking less.
4. Disorganized is primarily distinguished by
symptoms such as disorganized speech,
behavior and inappropriate behavior. This can
include resisting eye contact, the inability to make
facial expressions, incoherence, and trouble
beginning or finishing a task.
5. Undifferentiated if somebody is diagnosed with
schizophrenia that does not fall under any of
the subtypes but still experience symptoms.
WEEK 14
COPING MECHANISM
VS.
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Coping mechanisms are strategies that help
people deal with stress and
uncomfortable emotions.
Coping are conscious strategies that are
chosen in calm emotional states. It enable
the individual to attain realistic goals by using
available resources and past experiences
while acting within society’s rules of
conduct.
Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious
psychological responses which are
activated in times of anxiety, stress and
distress without any choice or conscious
intentionality.
These can be regarded as survival instruments
and are a necessary tool of protection and
in moderate use, contribute to successful
adaptation.
Both processes are activated in times of
adversity. Defense mechanisms and coping
strategies reduce arousal of negative
emotions as both aim at achieving adaptation
only the means to the end differ. Defenses help
the individual by distorting reality and coping
strategies attempt at solving the problem,
thus changing the reality.
Examples of Defense Mechanisms
1.Aggressive Reactions - attack upon people or
things.
• Displaced Aggression - when anger is directed
toward someone completely innocent and
uninvolved in the situation that made us
angry.
• Free-Floating Anger - chronic reaction pattern in
which hostility becomes generalized so that
even neutral situations are reacted to with
hostility.
• Scapegoating - blaming another person for
one's failure or mistake, or expressing
anger against a person or object which
is not the original source of frustration.
• Suicide - individual kills self because of
frustration.
2.Withdrawal Reactions - retreat from the
source of frustration
• Fantasy - or daydreaming which are
temporary escapes from the frustration of
reality.
• Nomadism - continual wandering from place
to place which usually brings no tangible
gain.
• Regression – or going back wherein a
frustrated individual may seek unconsciously
to return to an earlier, more secure period
of life.
• Repression - process of excluding from
conscious awareness of undesirable thought,
feeling or memory that causes pain,
shame or guilt.
• Suppression – forget by turning to other
activities.
• Fixation – tendency to be repetitive.
• Identification – taking on the characteristics
of another person.
3.Compromise Reactions - acceptance of a
substitution for one that is desired
• Isolation – allowing frustration to function in
isolation from conflicting ones.
• Sublimation - redirection of unacceptable
impulses to socially acceptable patterns.
• Compensation – overcome personal
limitations by emphasizing desirable ones.
• Rationalization - disguise of real motives to
another one.
• Reaction Formation - individual acts in a way
that is opposite to original wish or
motivation.
FACTORS
ALTERING
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Emotion refers to feelings affecting responses
as a result of psychological arousal,
thoughts and beliefs, subjective evaluation
and bodily expression.
It is a state characterized by facial expressions,
gestures, postures and subjective feelings.
Emotion is associated with mood,
temperament, personality and disposition.
Theories of Emotion
• The James-Lange theory of emotion
maintains that our physical responses
are responsible for emotion. If someone
sneaks up on you and shouts, for instance,
your heart rate increases, causing you to
feel fear.
Theories of Emotion
• The Cannon-Bard theory refutes the James-
Lange theory, asserting that people
experience emotional and physiological
responses at the same time, with each
response acting independently. An example
would be feeling fear when you see a
deadly snake while your body prepares to
run.
Theories of Emotion
• The Schachter-Singer theory is a cognitive
theory of emotion that suggests our thoughts
are actually responsible for emotions. Similar
to this theory is the cognitive appraisal theory. It
posits that someone must first think before
experiencing an emotion. For instance, your
brain judges a situation as threatening, and
as a result, you experience fear.
Conflict is a stressful condition that occurs when
a person must choose between
incompatible or contradictory alternatives.
It is a negative emotional state caused by an
inability to choose between two or more
incompatible goals or impulse.
Conflict is the state in which two or more motives
cannot be satisfied because they interfere
with one another.
Types of Conflict
1.Psychological Conflict or Internal Conflict
could be going on inside the person and no one
would know. It is the unconscious Id battling the
Superego where the personalities are always in
conflict.
2. Social Conflict
• Interpersonal conflict
• Two individuals – me against you.
Types of Conflict
• Inter group struggles – us against them
• Individual opposing a group – me against
them, them against me.
• Intra group conflict – members of group
against each other on a task.
3.Approach-Avoidance where Approach speaks
to things that we want while Avoidance refers
to things that we do not want.
Types of Conflict
• Approach-Approach – the individual must
choose between two positive goals of
approximately equal value wherein two
pleasing things are wanted but only one
option should be chosen.
• Avoidance- Avoidance – the individual must
choose between two or more negative
outcomes.
Types of Conflict
• Approach-Avoidance – when there is an
attractive and unattractive part to both side and
arises when obtaining a positive goal
necessitates a negative outcome as well.
• Multiple Approach-Avoidance – refers to conflict
with complex combinations of approach and
avoidance and requires the individual to
choose between alternatives that contain both
positive and negative consequences.
Depression is an illness that causes a person to
feel sad and hopeless much of the time.
Causes of depression
• Major events that cause stress such as childbirth
or death in the family.
• Illnesses such as arthritis, heart disease or cancer.
• Certain medicines such as steroids or narcotics for
pain relief.
• Drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs
Types of Depression
• Major Depressive Disorder – characterized
by a combination of symptoms that
interfere with a person’s ability to work, sleep,
study, eat and enjoy the pleasurable
activities. It is disabling and prevents a
person from functioning normally.
Types of Depression
• Dysthymic Disorder or Dysthymia – having
persistent but less severe symptoms that
major depression such as decrease or
increase in eating, difficulty or increase in
sleeping, low energy and fatigue and low
self-esteem.
Types of Depression
• Psychotic Depression – when severe
depressive illness is accompanied by some
form of psychosis such as hallucinations and
delusions.
• Past-partum Depression – major depressive
episode that occurs after having a baby where
a new mother develops same within one month
after delivery.
Types of Depression
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) –
characterized by the onset of a depressive illness
during winter months when there is less
natural sunlight and generally lifts during spring
and summer.
• Bipolar Disorder or Manic Depressive Illness –
characterized by cyclical mood changes from
extreme high (mania) to extreme low
(depression)
Types of Depression
• Endogenous Depression – feeling depressed for
no apparent reason.
• Situational Depression or Reactive Depression
– depressive symptoms develop in response
to a specific stressful situation or event such
as job loss or relationship ending.
• Agitated Depression – characterized by agitation
such as physical and emotional restlessness,
irritability and insomnia.
Stress refers to the consequences of failure of
an organism – human or animal – to
respond appropriately to emotional or
physical threats whether actual or imagined.
Stressor is anything (physical or
psychological) that produces stress (negative
or positive).
Types of Stress
• Positive or Eustress– stress that is healthy or
gives one a feeling of fulfilment or positive
feelings which enhances function.
• Negative or Distress – persistent stress that
is not resolved through coping or
adaptation that may lead into anxiety or
depressive behavior.
Stages of Stress
• Alarm – when the threat or stressor is identified, the
body’s response will produce adrenaline in order
to bring about the fight or flight response.
• Resistance – if the stressor persists, it becomes
necessary to attempt some means of coping with
the stress.
• Exhaustion – all of the body’s resources are
eventually depleted and the body is unable to
maintain normal function which may result into
illnesses.
Frustration is the negative emotional state that
occurs when one is prevented form reaching
a goal. It is an unpleasant state of tension
and heightened sympathetic activity resulting
from a blocked goal.
Kinds of Frustration
1.External – distress caused by outwardly
perceivable conditions that impede progress
toward the goal.
2. Internal or Personal – distress caused by
the individual’s inner characteristics that impede
toward a goal.
• Physical Obstacles such as drought,
typhoons, among others, that prevents a
person from doing his plans or fulfilling his
wishes.
• Personal Shortcomings such as handicapped
by diseases, blindness, deafness or
paralysis.
• Social Circumstances such as obstacles
through the restrictions being imposed by
other people and customs and laws of social
beings.
• Conflicts between Motives such wanting to
leave college for a year to try painting but
also wanting to please one’s parents by
remaining in school.
WEEK 15
STRATEGIES AND
APPROACHES
IN DEALING WITH
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Strategies
1.Biomedical Therapies – procedures that
focus on the reduction of symptoms associated
with psychological disorders.
a. Drug Therapies
• treatments used by professional with
appropriate medical and pharmacological
training in conjunction with psychotherapy.
Strategies
• prescriptions of anti-anxiety, anti-psychotic
and anti- depressant drugs.
b. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• shock administered in the brain through
electrodes placed over the temporal lobes
where the electric current produces brief
convulsive seizures during which the
patient becomes unconscious.
Strategies
c. Psychosurgery
• more controversial than ECT and rarely
used today.
• lobotomy was used which is surgical
procedure in where the nerve
pathways in a lobe or lobes of the
brain are severed from those in
other areas.
Strategies
2.Psycotherapies – lengthy and insight
therapies based on the psychodynamic
theories of Freud.
a. Humanistic therapies – deal with the
conscious thoughts and with present
occurrences and conducted with goals
of client growth and fulfillment.
Strategies
b. People-centered therapy – a warm and
supportive environment in which a person
feels completely accepted, can reveal his
true feelings and experience self-growth.
c. Behavior therapies – uses the principles of
social learning and personality theory to
assist individuals in forming accurate
perceptions of their feelings and
themselves.
Strategies
d. Cognitive therapies – use learning
principles to change maladaptive
thoughts, beliefs and feelings.
e. Feminist therapy – opposes the beliefs
in male superiority and female
inferiority and any type of discrimination
based on age, ethnic group or sexual
orientation.
Strategies
e. Group therapies such as family therapy,
marital, self-help groups, sensitivity
groups encounter groups and
psychodrama.
Approaches
1.Medical
• focus on biological and physiological factors as
causes of abnormal behavior, which is treated
as a disease, or mental illness and is diagnosed
through symptoms and cured through
treatment.
• hospitalization and drugs are often preferred
methods of treatment rather than psychological
investigation.
Approaches
2.Psychodynamic
• an alternative to the medical model, evolved from
Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which
contends that psychological disorders are the
consequence of anxiety produced by
unresolved, unconscious conflicts.
• treatment focuses on identification and resolution
of the conflicts.
Approaches
3.Behavioral
• abnormal behavior results from faulty or
ineffective learning and conditioning.
• treatments are designed to reshape
disordered behavior and, using traditional
learning procedures to teach new, more
appropriate and more adaptive responses.
Approaches
4.Cognitive
• people engage in abnormal behavior because
of particular thoughts and behaviors that
are often based upon their false
assumptions.
• treatments are oriented toward helping the
maladjusted individual develop new
thought processes and new values.
Approaches
5.Sub-cultural
• abnormal behavior is learned within a social
context ranging from the family to the
community and to the culture.
• cultural variables, acquired through learning
and cognitive processes, are believed to be
important in producing abnormal behavior.
STANDARD
PROCEDURES
IN HANDLING CASES
INVOLVING
PERSONS HAVING
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Republic Act No. 11036
Mental Health Act
• Service User - a person with lived experience
of any mental health condition including
persons who require or are undergoing
psychiatric, neurologic or psychosocial care.
Mental Health Act
• Mental Health Professional - a medical
doctor, psychologist, nurse, social worker
or any other appropriately-trained and
qualified person with specific skills relevant
to the provision of mental health services.
Mental Health Act
• Mental Health Service – psychosocial,
psychiatric or neurologic activities and
programs along the whole range of the mental
health support services including promotion,
prevention, treatment and aftercare which are
provided by mental health facilities and
mental health professionals.
.
Informed Consent to Treatment
• Service users must provide
• informed consent in writing
• prior to the implementation by mental health
professionals, workers and other service
providers.
• of any plan or program of therapy or
treatment including physical or chemical
restraint.
Advance Directive
• A service user may set out his preference in
relation to treatment through a signed, dated
and notarized advance directive executed
for the purpose.
• An advance directive may be revoked by a
new advance directive or by a notarized
revocation.
Legal Representative
• a service user may designate a person of legal
age to act as his legal representative
through a notarized document executed for that
purpose.
Function
• provide the service user with support and help,
represent his interests and receive medical
information about the service user.
Declining an Appointment
• A person thus appointed may decline to act as a
service user's legal representative.
• However, a person who declines to continue being
a service user's legal representative must
take reasonable steps to inform the service user,
as well as the service user's attending mental
health professional or worker, of such decision.
Failure to Appoint – order of preference
• spouse, if any;
• non-minor children;
• either parent by mutual consent, if the service
user is a minor;
• chief, administrator or medical director of a
mental health care facility; or
• person appointed by a Court.
LEGAL RESPONSES
TO OFFENDERS
SUFFERING
FROM
MENTAL DISORDER
Mental Disorder
• also known as a psychiatric disorder or a
mental illness.
• a pattern of behavior or mental experience that
deviates from what is considered normal
and that causes significant distress or
impairment in functioning.
• medical view - prolonged departure of the
individual from his natural mental state
arising from illness.
Mental Disorder
• legal view - covers what a person does and the
particular act that is the subject of judicial
investigation which is synonymous with insanity,
lunacy, derangement, aberration and alienation.
• sociological view - persistent inability to adapt
oneself to the ordinary environment; it is the
individual loss of power to regulate his actions
and conduct according to the rules of society.
Mental Health Act
Addiction
• refers to a primary chronic relapsing disease of
brain reward, motivation, memory, and related
circuitry.
• characterized by the inability to consistently
abstain impairment and behavioral control,
craving, diminished recognition of significant
problems with one's behavior and interpersonal
relationships and a dysfunctional emotional
response.
Mental Health Act
Drug Rehabilitation
• refers to the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic
treatment of dependency on psychoactive
substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and
other dangerous drugs.
• may also be applicable to diagnosed behavioral
addictions such as gambling, internet and sexual
addictions.
• to enable the patient to confront the psychological,
legal, financial, social, and physical consequences.
Mental Health Act
Psychosocial Problems
• refers to a condition that indicates the
existence of dysfunctions in a person’s
behavior, thoughts and feelings brought about
by sudden extreme, prolonged or
cumulative stressors in the physical or social
environment.
Mental Health Act
Recovery-Based Approach
• refers to an approach to intervention and treatment
centered on the strengths of a service user
and involving the active participation, as equal
partners in care of persons with lived
experiences in mental health.
• requires integrating a service user's understanding
of his or her condition into any plan for
treatment and recovery.
LEGAL DEFENSE
ON ACCOUNT OF
BEHAVIORAL ISSUES
The M'Naghten Rule
• requires that the defendant either did not know
what he was doing or did not know that
what he was doing was wrong when he
committed the criminal act.
• assumes that all defendants are sane unless
they can demonstrate otherwise.
• insanity defense is cognitive and focuses on
the defendant's awareness.
The Durham Rule
• provides that the defendant is not criminally
responsible if his unlawful act is the product
of a mental disease or defect.
• a principle used to determine the validity of the
insanity defense asserted by an accused,
that he or she was insane at the time of
committing a crime and therefore should not
be held legally responsible for the action.
The Substantial Capacity Test
•atest used when considering an insanity
defense which relieves a defendant of
criminal responsibility if at the time of the
crime as a result of mental disease or
defect, he lacked the capacity to appreciate
the wrongfulness of his conduct.
Applicable Laws
• Act No. 3815
Revised Penal Code
• Republic Act No. 9344
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006
• Republic Act No. 10630
amending RA9344
Act No. 3815 - Revised Penal Code
Art. 12 - Exempting Circumstances
1. imbecile or an insane person, unless the
latter has acted during a lucid interval.
• confinement in hospitals or asylums
2. person under nine years of age.
Act No. 3815 - Revised Penal Code
Art. 12 - Exempting Circumstances
3. person over nine years of age and under
fifteen, unless he has acted with
discernment,
• commitment to the care and custody of his
family who shall be charged with his
surveillance and education
• suspension of sentence of minor delinquents
• Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006
• as amended by RA 10630
Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility
1. child fifteen (15) years of age or under at
the time of the commission of the offense
shall be exempt from criminal liability.
• subjected to an intervention program
2. child above fifteen (15) years but below
eighteen (18) years of age shall
likewise be exempt from criminal liability
and be subjected to an intervention program,
unless he/she has acted with
discernment
• subjected to the appropriate proceedings
• exemption from criminal liability herein does
not include exemption from civil
liability,
• a child is deemed to be fifteen (15) years of
age on the day of the fifteenth
anniversary of his/her birthdate.
WEEK 16
FUNDAMENTALS
AND SCOPE OF
VICTIMOLOGY
Victimology
•the scientific study of the psychological
effects of crime and the relationship
between victims and offender.
•the study of the ways in which the behavior
of crime victims may have led to or
contributed to their victimization.
Victimology and Criminology
Victimology
• focuses on helping victims heal after a crime.
• victimologists are concerned with fostering
recovery of victims.
Criminology
• aims to understand the criminals' motives and the
underlying causes of crime.
• criminologists look at every conceivable aspect of
deviant behavior to seek prevention.
Historical Summary
• originated in the early to the mid-1900s with the
first victimologists attempting to identify
how victims contribute to their own
victimization.
• Hans Von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn and
Stephen Schafer each proposed victim
typologies used to classify victims in terms
of their responsibility or role in their own
victimization.
Historical Summary
• Marvin Wolfgang and Menachem Amir
conducted the first empirical examinations of
victim precipitation. Wolfgang studied homicides
while Amir focused on forcible rapes.
• victims’ rights movement gained momentum
during the 1960s which saw the recognition
of children and women as victims of violence.
Historical Summary
• the victims’ rights movement influenced the
development of multiple advocacy groups such
as Mothers’ Against Drunk Driving, Families and
Friends of Missing Persons and Parents of
Murdered Children.
• important pieces of legislation came out of the
victims’ rights movement including the Victims of
Crime Act and Violence Against Women’s Act,
among others.
•
Historical Summary
• victimology nowadays is concerned with the
extent to which people are victimized, the
types of victimization they experience, the
causes of victimization, the consequences
associated with victimization, the criminal
justice system’s response to victims and
the response of other agencies and
people.
IDENTIFYING THE
DIFFERENT PIONEERS
IN THE STUDY OF
VICTIMOLOGY
Pioneers in Victimology
1. Hans Von Hentig
• 1948 - developed a typology of victims based on
the degree to which victims contributed to
causing the criminal act.
• classified victims into 13 categories depending on
their propensity or risk for victimization.
• led to the development of the concept of “victim-
blaming” and seen as an attempt to assign equal
culpability to the victim.
2. Benjamin Mendelsohn
• 1956 - often been referred to as the “father” of
victimology.
• surveyed both victims and offenders during the
course of preparing a case for trial and
developed a six-category typology of victims
based on legal considerations of the degree
of a victim’s culpability.
3. Marvin E. Wolfgang
• 1958 - the first empirical evidence that victims
maybe responsible for their own victimization.
• analyzed police records and noted factors common
to victim-precipitated homicides such as (a)
victim and offender had prior interpersonal
relationship (b) series of escalating
disagreements between the parties and (3) victim
had consumed alcohol.
4. Stephen Schafer
• 1968 - classified victims based on the seven-
category functional responsibility typology.
• included von Hentig’s personal characteristics
and Mendelsohn’s behavior-rooted
typologies.
• victims’ dual role was to function so that they did
not provoke others to harm them while also
preventing the criminal acts.
5. Menachem Amir
• 1971 - some rapes were victim precipitated by
such factors as the use of alcohol by both
parties, seductive actions by the victim and the
victim’s wearing of revealing clothing which
could tantalize the offender to the point of
misreading the victim’s behavior.
• criticized by the victims’ and the feminist
movements as blaming the victim.
General Types of Victims - Von Hentig
Victim Characteristics
Young physically weaker, have less mental prowess, have fewer legal rights
Females physically weaker than men and culturally conditioned to accept male authority.
Old same vulnerabilities as children, often physically weaker and mentally less facile
Mentally Defective or Deranged altered perception of reality.
Immigrants unfamiliar with a given culture
Minorities racially disadvantaged or prejudiced
simple-minded persons but same types as those who are mentally defective and
Dull Normal
deranged.
with various psychological maladies and may expose themselves to all manner of danger,
Depressed
intentional and otherwise.
Acquisitive greedy and looking for quick gain
Wanton indiscriminate sexual activity and maybe exposed to disease and varying personalities
Lonesome and Heartbroken desire for companionship and recklessness

Tormentor abusive parent, caretakers, intimates and family members
victims of blackmail, extortion and confidence scams are still exposed to continual
Blocked, Exempted and Fighting
financial loss or physical harm
Other Types of Victims – Mendelsohn
Victim Characteristics
Innocent victim did not contribute to the victimization and is in the wrong
place at the wrong time
does not actively participate in the victimization but
Victim with minor guilt
contributes to some minor degree
victim and offender may have engaged in criminal activity
Guilty victim, Guilty offender
together
victim may have been the primary attacker but the
Guilty offender, Guiltier victim
offender won the fight
Guilty victim victim instigated a conflict but is killed in self-defense
people pretend to be victims which include those

Imaginary victim
falsifying reports
THEORIES
OF
VICTIMOLOGY
Theories about Victimology
1.Victim Precipitation Theory
• analyzes how a victim's interaction with an
offender may contribute to the crime being
committed.
• Commonly associated with homicide, rape,
assault and robbery.
• by acting in certain provocative ways, some
individuals initiate a chain of events that
lead to their victimization.
• Active Precipitation when victim’s act
provocatively, use threats or fighting
words or even attack first.
• Passive Precipitation when the
victim exhibits some personal
characteristic that unknowingly either
threatens or encourages the attacker.
2. Lifestyle Exposure Theory
• suggests that certain people may become
the victims of crimes because of their
lifestyles and choices.
• an individual's demographics (e.g., age, sex)
tended to influence one's lifestyle,
which in turn increased his exposure to risk
of personal and property victimization.
• people who have high-risk lifestyles maintain
a much greater chance of
victimization, hence, the following
hypotheses:
• The Equivalent Group Hypothesis states
that victims and criminals share similar
features since they are not actually
separate groups and a criminal lifestyle
exposes people to increased levels of
victimization risks.
• The Proximity Hypothesis states that some
people willingly put themselves in jeopardy by
choosing high risk lifestyles or they are forced
to live in close physical proximity to
criminals.
• The Deviant Place Hypothesis states that there
are natural areas for crime, e.g., poor,
densely- populated, highly transient
neighborhoods in which commercial and
residential property exist side by side.
3. Routine Activities Theory
• a crime will only be committed if a likely
offender thinks that a target is suitable and
a capable guardian is absent.
• focuses on how opportunities for crimes are
related to the nature of patterns of
routine social interaction including one's
work, family and leisure activities.
• crime occurs whenever three conditions
come together:
• Suitable Targets as long as there is poverty.
• Motivated Offenders since victimology
assumes anyone will try to get away with
something if they can.
• Absence of Guardians when there are
no or few defensible spaces and
security.
4. Deviant Place Theory.
• people who reside in socially disorganized high-
crime areas where they have the greatest
risk of coming into contact with criminal
offenders, irrespective of their own behavior
or lifestyle.
• deviant places are poor, densely populated,
highly transient neighborhoods in which
commercial and residential property exist side
by side.
WEEK 17
DYNAMICS
OF
VICTIMIZATION
Victimization
• the outcome of deliberate action taken by a person
or institution to exploit, oppress, or harm
another, or to destroy or illegally obtain another’s
property or possessions.
• the act or process of singling someone out for
cruel or unfair treatment, typically through
physical or emotional abuse.
• the act of making another person the victim.
Effects of Victimization
1. Economic Loss - costs of goods taken
during property crimes are added to
productivity losses caused by injury, pain,
and emotional trauma.
2. System Abuse - victim may suffer more
victimization by the justice system such as
the police and prosecution.
Effects of Victimization
3. Long Term Stress - victims may suffer stress
and anxiety long after the incident is over such as
the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
4. Fear - victims of violent crimes are the most
deeply affected, fearing a repeat of their attack.
5. Anti-Social Behavior - victims may seek revenge
against the people who harmed them or who
they believe is at fault for their problems.
Types of Victimization
1.Personal Victimization
• occurs when one party experiences harm that
is a result of interacting with an offending
party.
• can be lethal (e.g., homicide), nonlethal (e.g.,
assault) or sexual (e.g., forced rape).
• can be violent (e.g., robbery) or nonviolent
(e.g., psychological/emotional abuse).
Types of Victimization
2. Property Victimization
• involves loss or destruction of private or
public possessions.
• can be committed against a person or against
a specific place (e.g., residence), object
(e.g., car) or institution (e.g., business).
• include arson, theft, shoplifting, vandalism,
and money laundering, among others.
Models of Victimization
1.Victim of Crime Model – applicable to victims of
man-made causes like homicide, rape and
others.
• Stage of impact and disorganization – attitude or
activity of the victim during and immediately
following the criminal event.
• Stage of recoil – victim formulates psychological
defenses and deals with conflicting emotions
of guilt, anger, acceptance and desire of
revenge.
• Reorganization stage – occurs during which
the victim puts his life back to normal
daily living.
2.Victim of Disaster Model – applicable to
victims of natural causes like earthquake, flood,
volcanic eruption and others.
• Pre-impact stage – state of the victim prior to
being victimized.
• Impact stage – when victimization occurs.
• Post-impact stage – entails the degree and
duration of the personal and social
disorganization following victimization
• Behavioral outcome – victim’s adjustment to
the victimization experience.
Benjamin & Master's Threefold Model
• Precipitating Factors such as time, space, being
in the wrong place at the wrong time.
• Attracting Factors are choices, options, lifestyles
or daily routine activities on a
predictable basis.
• Predisposing Factors refer to all the socio
demographic characteristics of victims such
as being male, young, poor, minority, single or
unemployed, among others
THE COSTS
OF BEING A VICTIM
Victim
• any person, group or entity who has suffered
injury or loss due to illegal activity.
• a person who has suffered direct or threatened
physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as
a result of the commission of a crime, or
• an institutional entity which suffered any of the
same harms by an individual.
Types of Victims
• Direct or Primary Victims – those who directly suffer
the harm or injury.
• Indirect or Secondary Victims - the family and loved
ones of the direct victims who are not involved in
the incident and may include the first responders
in trauma and emergency cases.
• Tertiary Victims – victims who experience the harm
through media accounts and the scared public or
community due to watching news regarding crime
incidents.
The Role of the Victim in Crime
1.Victim Precipitation
• the extent to which a victim is responsible for his
own victimization.
• rooted in the notion that, although some victims are
not at all responsible for their victimization,
other victims are.
• acknowledges that crime victimization involves at
least two people - an offender and a victim - and
that both parties are acting and often reacting
before, during and after the incident.
2. Victim Facilitation
• occurs when a victim unintentionally makes it
easier for an offender to commit a crime as the
victim may, in this way, be a catalyst for
victimization.
• a woman who accidentally left her purse in plain
view in her office while she went to the
restroom and then had it stolen would be a
victim who facilitated her own victimization.
3. Victim Provocation
• suggests that without the victim’s provocation,
the crime would not have occurred and that
the offender is not at all responsible.
• if a person attempted to mug a man who was
walking home from work and the man,
instead of willingly giving the offender his
wallet, pulled out a gun and shot the mugger
thus, making the offender the victim.
Costs of victimization
1.Primary costs of victimization
• include the costs that occur as a direct result
of the crime.
• depend on the victim themselves and the
severity and type of crime that has
occurred.
• for example, a woman who has been
physically abused by her spouse.
Costs of victimization
2.Secondary costs
• include the costs that occur if a victim does not
receive the resources and compensation
they need.
• for example, a police officer who fails to
recognize that a woman is the victim of
domestic violence can lead to the woman not
only feeling victimized by her spouse but by
the police officer as well.
Consequences of Victimization
1. Psychological, Emotional and Mental
• may be less externally obvious but are just as
serious as physical injury.
• stress, depression, anxiety and other mental
disorders.
• persistent mental consequences such as
acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress
disorder and substance dependency.
2. Physical
• bruises, cuts, broken bones, stabbing or
gunshot wounds and internal organ injuries.
• physical side effects such as increased heart
rate, hyperventilation, numbness, shock.
• may occur immediately or may be delayed such
an increase in stress levels that can lead to
insomnia, loss of appetite, muscle tension
and headaches.
3. Financial
• monetary costs such as medical expenses,
property losses, lost wages and legal
costs that victims and their families must
bear.
• financial consequences that society must bear
such as victim services, witness
assistance programs, costs to the criminal
justice system and negative public opinion.
4. Productivity
• the ability to obtain and maintain gainful
employment.
• resulted into lower productivity, more frequent
tardiness, higher rates of absenteeism,
job turnover and unemployment, fewer hours
worked in the past year and a higher
likelihood of receiving public assistance.
5. Social
• difficulties in performing social roles such as
work, parenting, socializing, or intimacy
with a partner can all be affected as a result
of the crime.
• disruptions in social activities and impaired
functioning in social relationships, leisure
activities and contact with friends or
relatives.
VICTIMOLOGY
AND
DAMAGES
Offender restitution involves the transfer of
services or money from the offender to the
victim for damages inflicted by the offender.
Private insurance policies that have
provisions for recovery of lost and damaged
property and health insurance policies which
allow payments for injuries sustained as a
result of criminal incidents.
Civil litigation where the victim or the victim’s
family has the right to take civil action
against offenders to recoup losses and to
exact punitive damages.
Victim compensation takes place when the
state, rather than the perpetrator,
reimburses the victim for losses sustained at
the hands of the criminal.
VICTIMOLOGY
AND THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM
Dispute resolution is a mechanism for
achieving a number of goals simultaneously.
First, the parties involved in the situation
work together to resolve the problem rather
than having some outside authority impose a
solution. Second, any dispute that reaches a
settlement is one less case with which the
formal justice system must contend.
Restorative (reparative) justice seeks to
use interventions that return the victim and
offender to their pre-offense states. For
victims, this means repairing the harm done,
and for offenders, it means assuring that
the action will not be repeated.
TRENDS AND
ISSUES IN
VICTIMOLOGY
Hate crime (also known as a bias-motivated
crime or bias crime) is a prejudice-motivated
crime which occurs when a perpetrator targets a
victim because of their perceived membership of a
certain social group.
Examples of such groups can include and
exclusively limited to ethnicity, disability,
language, nationality, physical appearance, political
views and affiliation, age, religion, sex, gender
identity or sexual orientation.
Institutional victimization consists of a
host of harmful acts (usually by caregivers) to
which children are subjected in institutional
settings such as schools, orphanages,
correctional institutions or club rooms in which
almost all of the children find themselves each
day but from which they are rarely able to
escape.
Victim’s rights
• treated with fairness, dignity, sensitivity, and
respect;
• attend and be present at criminal justice
proceedings;
• be heard in the criminal justice process including
the right to confer with the prosecutor and
submit a victim impact statement at
sentencing, parole and other similar
proceedings;
Victim’s rights
• be informed of proceedings and events in the
criminal justice process, including the
release or escape of the offender, legal rights
and remedies, and available benefits and
services, and access to records, referrals,
and other information;
• protection from intimidation and harassment;
• restitution from the offender;
Victim’s rights
• privacy;
• apply for crime victim compensation;
• restitution from the offender;
• expeditious return of personal property seized as
evidence whenever possible;
• speedy trial and other proceedings free from
unreasonable delay;
• enforcement of these rights and access to other
available remedies.

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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

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Guilty victim victim instigated a conflict but is killed in self-defense

people pretend to be victims which include those

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