Cell

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Cell

• More than 200 different types of cells we have


in our body.
• human beings may be composed of over 75
trillion cells! Just one drop of human blood
contains about 5 million red blood cells.
• the human genome, which is a set of coded
“instructions” programmed into our cells. Each
cell contains 3 billion “letters” of this code.
Plasma Membrane
Functions of Cell Membrane Proteins

• 1. Integral proteins provide the structural integrity to the CM


• 2.Channel proteins help in the diffusion of water- soluble
substances like glucose and electrolytes
• 3.Carrier or transport proteins help in the transport of substances
across the cell membrane by means of active or passive transport
• 4. Some carrier proteins act as pumps, by which ions are
transported actively across the cell membrane
• 5. Receptor proteins serve as the receptor sites for hormones and
neurotransmitters
• 6.Enzymes: Some of the protein molecules form the enzymes and
control metabolic reactions within the cell membrane
• 7.Some proteins act as antigens and induce the process of
antibody formation
• 8.Cell adhesion molecules are responsible for attachment of cells
to their neighbours or to basal lamina.
Functions of Cell Membrane Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrate molecules are negatively charged


and do not permit the negatively charged
substances to move in and out of the cell
• Glycocalyx from the neighbouring cells helps in
the tight fixation of cells with one another
• Some carbohydrate molecules function as the
receptors for some hormones.
Functions of Organelles

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum


• Synthesis of proteins
• Degradation of worn out organelles
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Synthesis of lipids and steroids
• Role in cellular metabolism
• Storage and metabolism of calcium
• Catabolism and detoxification of toxic substances
Functions of Organelles cont...
• Golgi apparatus
• Processing, packaging, labeling and delivery of
proteins and lipids
• Lysosomes
• Degradation of macromolecules
• Degradation of worn out organelles
• Removal of excess of secretory products
• Secretion of perforin, granzymes, melanin and
serotonin
Functions of Organelles cont...
• Peroxisomes
• Breakdown of excess fatty acids
• Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and other
metabolic products
• Oxygen utilization
• Acceleration of gluconeogenesis
• Degradation of purine to uric acid
• Role in the formation of myelin
• Role in the formation of bile acids
Functions of Organelles cont...
• Mitochondria
• Production of energy
• Synthesis of ATP
• Initiation of apoptosis
• Ribosomes
• Synthesis of proteins
• Centrosome
• Movement of chromosomes during cell division
Functions of Organelles cont...

• Cytoskeleton
• Stability of cell shape
• Nucleus
• Control of all activities of the cell
• Synthesis of RNA
• Synthesis of ribosomes
• Sending genetic instruction to cytoplasm for protein
synthesis
• Control of cell division
• Storage of hereditary information in genes (DNA)
• Mitochondria:
• Cytochrome C and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases
(SMAC)/diablo secreted in mitochondria are involved in apoptosis
• Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or
cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of
protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death
(including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis) and inflammation.
• Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death
that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular
pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response.
• Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis, or inflammatory cell
death. Conventionally, necrosis is associated with unprogrammed cell
death resulting from cellular damage or infiltration by pathogens, in
contrast to orderly, programmed cell death via apoptosis.
Cell Division Cycle

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