CONTROL STRUCTURES

• Branching: if-else
• Looping: while-do while-for
• Nested control structures
• Switch
• Break
• Continue
• Comma
• goto

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 Three kinds of execution flow
◦ Sequence:
Sequence
 The execution of the program is sequential.
◦ Selection / Branching
 A control structure which chooses alternative to execute/program chooses to
follow one branch or another
 Example: if, if/else, switch, Conditional operator
◦ Repetition / Looping
 A control structure which repeats a group of statements.
 Example: while, do/while, for, nested loops, break ,
continue.

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BRANCHING :IF-ELSE STATEMENT
 Simple if
 Multiple if
 if-else
 if-else if ladder
 Nested if-else
 Switch-Case

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 The simple if Statement
The if statement has the following syntax:

Condition is an expression that is

either false (represented by 0) or
if is a C true (represented by 1/non-zero).
reserved word

if ( condition )
statement;

If the condition is true, the statement is executed.

If the condition is false, the statement is not executed ,control
comes out

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 Branching/ Decision
Flow chart for if statement

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The if-else Statement
An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement,
which executes when the boolean expression is false.
Syntax:
if(boolean_expression) // eg: A>0
{
True statements; // A is positive
else
{
False statements; //B is negative
}

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The if-else Statement- flow
void main()
{
int age;
scanf(“age=%d “,&age);
if (age>= 18)
{
printf(“Eligible");
}
else
printf(“Not eligible”);
}
OUTPUT 1 OUTPUT 2
Age=30 Age=12
Eligible Not Eligible

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The if-else Statement-Program to find the given number is odd or even
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int num;
printf("Enter a number you want to check.\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
if((num%2)==0) //checking whether remainder is 0 or not.
printf("%d is even.",num);
else
OUTPUT
printf("%d is odd.",num); Enter a number you want to check.
} 25
25 is odd.
Enter a number you want to check.
2
2 is even.

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Sample programs
In a company an employee is paid as under:
If his basic salary is less than Rs. 1500,
then HRA = 10% of basic salary and
DA = 90% of basic salary.
 If his salary is either equal to or above Rs. 1500,
then HRA = Rs. 500 and DA = 98% of basic salary.
 If the employee's salary is input through the
keyboard write a program to find his gross salary.

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/* Calculation of gross salary */
void main( )
{
float bs, gs, da, hra ;
printf ( "Enter basic salary " ) ;
scanf ( "%f", &bs ) ;
if ( bs < 1500 )
{
hra = bs * 10 / 100 ;
da = bs * 90 / 100 ;
}
else
{
hra = 500 ;
da = bs * 98 / 100 ;
}
gs = bs + hra + da ;
printf ( "gross salary = Rs. %f", gs ) ;
}

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(if...elseif....else / else-if ladder Statement)
 The if...else if statement is used when program requires more than one test expression

if (test expression1)
{
statement/s to be executed if test expression1 is true;
}
else if(test expression2)
{
statement/s to be executed if test expression1 is false and 2 is true;
}
.
.
.
.
else
{
statements to be executed if all test expressions are false;
}

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To print given number is positive or negative or
zero-using elseif ladder
#include <stdio.h>
else if (num < 0)
int main() {
{ printf(“number %d is
int num; negative\n“,num);
printf("Enter a number \n"); }
scanf("%d",&num); else if (num = = 0)
if (num > 0) {
{ printf(“number is zero “);
printf(“number %d is positive\ }
n“,num); printf(“Thank you”);
} }

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Nested if else Statement
 It is always legal in C programming to nest if-else statements, which means you can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else
Syntax:
if(cond 1)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */
if(cond 2)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */
}
else
{ /* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is false */
}
}
else
{ if(cond3)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 3 is true */
}
else
{ /* Executes when the boolean expression 3 is false */
}
}

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Largest of three numbers-Nested if else Statement
#include <stdio.h>
else
void main ()
{
{
if( b> c )
int a, b,c ;
{
printf(“enter values a,b and c\n”);
printf(“b is largest\n" );
scanf(“%d%d%d”,a&a,&b,&c);
}
if( a >b )
else
{
{
if( a>c)
printf(“c is largest\n" );
{
printf("a is largest\n" );
}
}
}
else
}
{
printf(“c is largest\n" );

}
}

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Nested if else Statement
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
if( a == 100 )
{
if( b == 200 )
{
printf("Value of a is 100 and b is 200\n" );
}
}
printf("Exact value of a is : %d\n", a );
printf("Exact value of b is : %d\n", b );
return 0;
}
OUTPUT

Value of a is 100 and b is 200

Exact value of a is : 100
Exact value of b is : 200
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 Sample programs
The marks obtained by a student in 5 different subjects
are input through the keyboard. The student gets a
division as per the following rules:
Percentage above or equal to 60 - First division
Percentage between 50 and 59 - Second division
Percentage between 40 and 49 - Third division
Percentage less than 40 - Fail
Write a program to calculate the division obtained by
the student.

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main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
printf ( "Enter marks in five subjects " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d %d %d %d", &m1, &m2, &m3, &m4, &m5 ) ;
per = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 ) / 5 ;
if ( per >= 60 )
printf ( "First division ") ;
else
{
if ( per >= 50 )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
else
{
if ( per >= 40 )
printf ( "Third division" ) ;
else
printf ( "Fail" ) ;
}
}
}
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main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
printf ( "Enter marks in five subjects " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d %d %d %d", &m1, &m2, &m3, &m4, &m5 ) ;
per = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 ) / 5 ;
if ( per >= 60 )
printf ( "First division" ) ;
if ( ( per >= 50 ) && ( per < 60 ) )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
if ( ( per >= 40 ) && ( per < 50 ) )
printf ( "Third division" ) ;
if ( per < 40 )
printf ( "Fail" ) ;
}

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main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
per = ( m1+ m2 + m3 + m4+ m5 ) / per ;
if ( per >= 60 )
printf ( "First division" ) ;
else if ( per >= 50 )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
else if ( per >= 40 )
printf ( "Third division" ) ;
else
printf ( "fail" ) ;
}

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A certain grade of steel is graded according to the following conditions:

(i) Hardness must be greater than 50

(ii) Carbon content must be less than 0.7

(iii) Tensile strength must be greater than 5600

The grades are as follows: Grade is 10 if all three conditions are met

Grade is 9 if conditions (i) and (ii) are met

Grade is 8 if conditions (ii) and (iii) are met

Grade is 7 if conditions (i) and (iii) are met

Grade is 6 if only one condition is met

Grade is 5 if none of the conditions are met

Write a program, which will require the user to give values of hardness, carbon content and tensile
strength of the steel under consideration and output the grade of the steel.

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Calculate the EB bill using if-else-if ladder

Get the no. of units (n)

Units 1 to 100 Amount: Rs. 3.00 per unit
Units 101 to 250 Amount: Rs. 4.50 per unit
Units 251 to 350 Amount: Rs. 5.00 per unit
More than 350 Amount: Rs. 7.00 per unit

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To print ASCIIvalues(ifelseif)
Any character is entered through the keyboard, write
a program to determine whether the character
entered is a capital letter, a small case letter, a digit or
a special symbol. The following table shows the range
of ASCII values for various characters.
Characters ASCII Values
A–Z 65 – 90
a–z 97 – 122
0–9 48 – 57
special symbols 0 - 47, 58 - 64,
91 - 96, 123 - 127

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23
Switch Statement Syntax
switch(expr/var)
{
case constant-expression :
statement(s);
break; /* optional */
case constant-expression :
statement(s);
break; /* optional */
/* you can have any number of case statements */
default : /* Optional */
}

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Flow of execution-switch

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main( )
{
int i = 2 ;
switch ( i )
{
case 1 :
printf ( "I am in case 1 \n" ) ;
case 2 :
printf ( "I am in case 2 \n" ) ;
case 3 :
printf ( "I am in case 3 \n" ) ; The output of this program would be:
default : I am in case 2
printf ( "I am in default \n" ) ; I am in case 3
} I am in default
}

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main( )
{
int i = 22 ;
switch ( i )
{
case 121 :
printf ( "I am in case 121 \n" ) ;
break ;
case 7 :
printf ( "I am in case 7 \n" ) ;
break ;
The output of this program would be:
case 22 : I am in case 22
printf ( "I am in case 22 \n" ) ;
break ;
default :
printf ( "I am in default \n" ) ;
}
} 27
void main()
{
char c = 'x' ;
switch ( c )
{
case 'v' :
printf ( "I am in case v \n" ) ;
break ;
case 'a' : The output of this program would be:
printf ( "I am in case a \n" ) ; I am in case x
break ;
case 'x' :
printf ( "I am in case x \n" ) ;
break ;
default :
printf ( "I am in default \n" ) ;
}
}
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Example 1
scanf(“%d”, &day); case 4:
switch ( day ) printf (“Thursday\n”) ;
{ break ;
case 0: case 5:
printf (“Sunday\n”) ; printf (“Friday\n”) ;
break ; break ;
case 1: case 6:
printf (“Monday\n”) ; printf (“Saturday\n”) ;
break ; break ;
case 2: default:
printf (“Tuesday\n”) ; printf (“Error -- invalid
break ; day.\n”) ;
case 3: break ;
printf (“Wednesday\n”); }
break ;
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Example 2
#include<stdio.h> case'e':
void main() case‘I':
case'i':
{
case'O':
char a; case'o':
printf("Enter any Alphabet : "); case'U':
scanf("%c",&a); case'u': printf("It is a Vowel");
switch (a) break;
{ default: printf("It is a Consonent");
}
case'A':
}
case'a':
case'E':

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Example 3
#include <stdio.h> printf("Well done\n" );
int main () break;
{ case 'D' :
char grade; printf("You passed\n" );
scanf(“%c”, &grade); break;
switch(grade) case 'F' :
{ printf("Better try again\n" );
case 'A' : break;
printf("Excellent!\n" ); default :
break; printf("Invalid grade\n" );
case 'B' : }
case 'C' : printf("Your grade is %c\n",
grade ); }
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Example 4 case 2:c=a-b;
printf(“Difference is %d\n“,c );
#include <stdio.h>
break;
int main ()
case 3:c=a*b;
{
printf(“Multiply is %d\n“,c );
int a,b,c,choice;
break;
scanf(“%d %d”, &a,&b);
case 4:c=a/b;
printf(“Menu 1.Add 2.Sub 3.Mul
4.Div 5.Mod\n”); printf(“Division is %d\n“,c );
scanf(“%d”,&choice); break;
switch(choice) case 5:c=a%b;
{ printf(“Remainder is %d\n“,c );
case 1 :c=a+b; break;
printf(“Sum is %d\n“,c ); default :
break; printf("Invalid Choice\n" );
}}

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Switch vs if-else ladder

Cannot do with switch:

1. A float expression cannot be tested .
2. Cases cannot have variable expressions(eg: case a+3)
3. Multiple cases cannot use same expressions
Eg: case 3: case 1+2:
Switch is faster than if-else ladder when more conditions
to be tested (because switch matches the value but in if-
else all conditions are evaluated)

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Switch vs if-else ladder
A nested if-else structure is just as efficient as a

switch statement.
However, a switch statement may be easier to read.

Also, it is easier to add new cases to a switch

statement than to a nested if-else structure.

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