Light Tracking Robot

Project presented by

 J.Srikrishna – VIII B
 S.Sushruthan– VIII A
 G.Madhesh– VIII B
 Ajay– VIII B
 Pragadheesh– VII C
 Sathvik – IX
03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 1
Construction-Robot Parts
• Arduino UNO R3-1
• LDR Light Sensor Module -3
• Full Bridge L293D Motor Driver -1
• 4-Wheel Smart Car Robot Chassis kit -1
• DC 12V Motors -4
• 3.7V 2500mAH Lithium (Li-ion) -3
• 3 Battery tray - 1

03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 2

ARDUINO
Why Arduino UNO R3 ?
• Arduino-based robot that follows lights. I made this robot's brain using an Arduino Uno.
I've included an Arduino code with this presentation that will help me tell the robot to
move toward the light source.
Reset switch: When this switch is clicked, it
sends a logical pulse to the reset pin of the
Microcontroller
Digital pins: Digital pins 0 to 13. These pins are used as
both input and output. Using output, these pins act as a
power supply source for the components. Using input
USB connector: This is a printer USB port pins, they read the signals from the component
used to load a program from the Arduino IDE connected to them.
onto the Arduino board. The board can also be
powered through this port.
TX-RX LED: TX stands for transmit, and RX for receive.
These are indicator LEDs which blink whenever the UNO
USB interface chip: This converts signals at board is transmitting or receiving data.
the USB level to a level that an Arduino UNO
board understands.
Atmega328P microcontroller: The brain of Arduino.
This IC used on the UNO board is Atmega328P.
Crystal oscillator: This is a quartz crystal components: Flash memory of 32KB, RAM of 2KB, CPU.
oscillator, which ticks 16 million times a second.
On each tick, the microcontroller performs one
operation.
Analog input pins: The Arduino has 6 analog input
pins, labeled “Analog 0 to 5.” These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor.
Power port: Arduino can be powered AC-to-
DC adapter or a battery. The power source can
be connected by plugging the plug into the
board’s power jack

03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 3

L293d Dual H Bridge Schematic
Why L293d?
I was able to control the speed of the motor by using the L293d motor driver
module. There are many motor drivers on the market, but I like this one because it
is easy to set up with Arduino UNO, has 4 individual ports for 4 motors, and has
many extra extended ports like 5V pins, GND pins, analogue pins, etc.

• The L293D is a 16-pin Motor Driver IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction.

• In this module there are 2 driver, so it controls 4 motors.

• The spinning direction of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the polarity

of its input voltage.

• A common technique for doing this is to use an H-bridge.

• An H-bridge circuit consists of four switches with the motor in the center
forming an H-like arrangement.

• Closing two specific switches at a time reverses the polarity of the voltage
applied to the motor.

• This causes a change in the spinning direction of the motor.

03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 4
DC Motor

• DC motor consists of stator and rotor. Stator is a static part consist of a

permanent magnet. Rotor is a rotating part that contains with
commutator, magnetic winding and work as a electromagnet.
• Motor is working with a repulsion and attraction principle.
• Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding
of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromag net).
• The magnetic field produced interacts with a stationary magnetic field
produced by either PMs or another winding (a field coil), as part of the
motor frame.

03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 5

Motor Driver Module

• The L293D IC receives signals from the microprocessor and

transmits the relative signal to the motors.
• It has two voltage pins, one of which is used to draw
current for the working of the L293D and the other is used
to apply voltage to the motors. The L293D switches its
output signal according to the input received from the
microprocessor.
• For Example: If the microprocessor sends a 1(digital high)
to the Input Pin of L293D, then the L293D transmits a
1(digital high) to the motor from its Output Pin. An
important thing to note is that the L293D simply transmits
the signal it receives. It does not change the signal in any
case.
03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 6
LDR Light Sensor Module

Why LDR module?

Since it's a robot that follows light, the most important thing is to follow the light, right?
I've found that LDR is the best way to do this.
But the LDR resistor can't be connected directly to the Arduino or the motor driver.
We need to make a circuit that works with that, and I think I have found the answer in an
LDR sensor module, which is cheap and easy to connect to an Arduino board.

LDR – Light Dependent Resistor

• An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with
the light intensity that falls upon it.
• This allows them to be used in light-sensing circuits. A typical LDR. LDR
Circuit Symbol.
• Photoresistors, also known as light-dependent resistors (LDR), are light-
sensitive devices most often used to indicate the presence or absence of
light or to measure the light intensity.

03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 7

Limitations of Lithium-ion Battery

Why lithium battery?

• Lithium-ion batteries can be charged quickly, last longer, and
have a higher power density, which means they can hold
more power in a smaller space.

• Requires protection circuit to prevent thermal runaway if

stressed
• Degrades at high temperatures and when stored at high voltage
• No rapid charge possible at freezing temperatures (<0°C, <32°F)
• Transportation regulations are required when shipping in larger
quantities
• They are extremely sensitive to high temperatures. Heat causes
lithium-ion battery packs to degrade much faster than they
normally would
03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 8
 coding

• Robotics is probably C/C++ (C++ is an object-oriented

successor to the C language). Python is also very popular
due to its use in machine learning and also because it can
be used to develop ROS packages
• In this robot we used Arduino so we are going to use
Arduino software.

03/07/2024 Light Following Robot 9

 Thank you for your time!

03/07/2024 10