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Lecture 4 Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

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15 views20 pages

Lecture 4 Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

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kainatabid599
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Sampling Distribution of Sample

Mean
Population

• A population is a collection or a set of


measurements of interest to the researcher.
• For example a researcher may be interested in
studying the income of households in Karachi.
The measurement of interest is income of each
household in Karachi and the population is a list
of all households in Karachi and their incomes.
• Sample

• Any subset of the population is called a sample from the population.


• A sample of ‘n’ measurements selected from a population is said to be
a random sample if every different sample of size ‘n’ from the
population is equally likely to be selected.
Population and Sample Measures

• The set of measurements in the population may be


summarized by a descriptive characteristic, called a
parameter.
• The set of measurements in a sample may be
summarized by a descriptive statistic, called a statistic .
Population and Sample Measures

Parameters:
• Mean of the Population = 
• Standard Deviation of the Population = 
• Variance of the Population = 2
• Number = N
Statistics (sample estimates of the parameters):
• Sample estimate of  = x
• Sample Estimate of  = s
• Sample Estimate of 2= s2
• Number = n
Statistical Inference
The process of making guesses about the truth from
a sample.
Sample statistics

x
̂  X 
n

 (x  X )2
ˆ 2  s 2 
Sample n 1

Population parameters (observation) *hat notation ^ is often used to

indicate “estitmate”

x  (x   )2 Make guesses about


  
2

N N the whole
population
• Suppose that the true mean height of male
undergraduate students equals 5’11”.

• But we do not know this mean.

• We want to estimate it by selecting at random a


sample of 100 male undergraduate students and
measuring their height.

8
Procedure:
• Select at random a sample of 100 male undergraduate
students.
• Measure their heights.
• Calculate the mean height for the 100 students.

9
Problem: Sampling Error

• What if our sample of 100 students happens to have


some very tall males, or some very short ones?
• Then, our estimate of the mean height of all male
undergraduate students would be a bit taller or shorter
than the true mean.
• This type of error in estimating a statistic (i.e., the
mean height) is called sampling error.

10
Solutions

• Multiple sampling
• Interval estimate

07/02/24 Presentation Title | Presented By: Name 11


Standard Error

• A simple way of thinking of the difference between


standard deviation and standard error is:
• The distribution of observations in the population
with respect to the normal curve is standard
deviation.
• The distribution of an estimate (i.e., sample mean)
with respect to the normal curve is standard error.

12
Estimation
• The process of using sample information to draw conclusion
about the value of a population parameter is known as
estimation.

• A point estimate is a specific numerical value estimate of a


parameter.

• The best point estimate of the population mean µ is the


sample mean

14
• But how good is a point estimate ( )for the population mean µ?

• There is no way of knowing how close the point estimate is to the


population mean

• Therefore Statisticians prefer another type of estimate called an


interval estimate

15
• Types of estimates

• Point estimate:
It gives a single value as an estimate of the
population of interest
• Interval estimate:
• It specifies a range of values of the parameter
and our confidence that the parameter value is
in that rang.
• CI = (Point estimate) + (critical value) (standard error)
07/02/24 20

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