Chapter 3: Data representation and

computer arithmetic
• Data representation in computers (Bit, Byte,
Word)
• Number System ( Binary, Octal, and
Hexadecimal number system)
• Conversion from one number system to another
• Computer arithmetic (Representation of
negative number and decimal number)
• Coding methods (EBCDIC BCD ASCII, UNICODE)

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 Bit Byte word cont…
• computer’s net intelligence is absolutely zero i.e.
computer is not capable of understanding anything except
zeros and ones.
• In computer every instruction is interpreted and executed
in the form of binary system.
• It is a state of “on” or “off” in a digital circuit.
• Sometimes they represent high or low voltage Fully
Charged - Fully Discharged
– Magnetized – Demagnetized
• Programs are written in HLL which then will be converted
to ML (0,1)
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 Bits, Bytes, word ..
• A computer’s internal storage techniques are different
from the way people represent information in daily lives
– We see and type numbers and letters.
– The computer sees ones and zeros for everything
• All information inside a digital computer is stored as a
collection of binary data
• A bit is one or zero (0 or 1)
– Short for “binary digit”
– Group of continuous 4 bits is termed as Nibble

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 Bit Byte word cont…
• A byte is a collection of 8 bits
– One character (letter ) = one byte
• A word is a fixed-sized group of bits that are handled together
by the machine.
– A Word usually consists of 32 bits, which is equal to 4
bytes
• 1 KILO = 1024 bytes (approx. 103 bytes)
• 1 MEGA = 103 K B
• 1 GIGA = 103 M B
• 1 TERA = 103 G B
• 1 PETA = 103 TERA B
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 Number system
• Why binary ? Because its easier to make hardware which can
distinguish between two values than multiple values
– More reliable …
• Binary numbering system
– Base-2
– Built from ones and zeros
– Each position is a power of 2
1101 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
• Decimal numbering system
– Base-10
– Each position is a power of 10
3052 = 3 x 103 + 0 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 2 x 100
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 Positional number notation vs Non-
Positional number systems
• Non-Positional number systems: - is a method
of counting on fingers such as I for 1, II for 2, III
for 3, IIII for 4 etc.
• It was very difficult to perform arithmetic with
such a number system, as it had no symbol for
zero.

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 Positional number notation vs
Non-Positional number systems
• the value of each digit in a number is defined not
only by the symbol but also by the symbol’s position.
• They have a base or radix(number of digits available )
– 1012 = 1×22 + 0×21 + 1×20 = 510
– 63.48 = 6×81 + 3×80 + 4×8–1 = 51.510
– A116 = 10×161 + 1×160 = 16110

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 The Binary Numbering System (0-15)

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 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
101011 => 1 x 2 = 1
– Add the results
0
2
1 x 21
= 2
0 x 22
= 0
1 x 23
= 8
0 x 24
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=
By Metekia S.
0 10
1 x 25
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results

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 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results

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 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

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 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.

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 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation

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 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

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 Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation

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 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

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 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder

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 Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder

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 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits

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 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

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 Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits

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 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16

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 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

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 Exercise –Answer
Convert …
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF

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 Fractions
• Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50

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 Fractions
• Decimal to binary (0.68 )

pp. 46-50

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 Fraction
• In some circumstances of changing the
decimal fraction may not end. In such cases
you have to take the approximate of 8 bits.

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 Fractions
• Decimal to binary:
.14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50

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 Fraction
• Decimal to oclal
• Example: Determine the octal equivalent of
(0.3125) 10.
0.3125 x 8 = 2.5 2
0.5 x 8 = 4.0 4

So, (0.3125) 10 = (0.24) 8

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 Fraction
• Decimal to hexadecimal

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 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

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 Exercise –Answer
Convert …
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82

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 Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000

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 Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

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 Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =

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 Binary Addition

• Two n-bit values

– Add individual bits
– Propagate carries
– E.g., In binary 1+1 = 10 (which is 2)
1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46

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 Binary subtraction

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 Octal Addition
• During the process of addition, if the sum is less than
or equal to 7, then it can be directly written as octal
digit.
• If the sum is greater than 7, then subtract 8 from that
particular digit and carry 1 to the next digit position.

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 Octal Subtraction
• we will borrow 8 and the rest of steps are similar to
that of binary subtraction.

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 Hexadecimal addition
• During the process of addition, observe if the sum is 15 or
less, then it can be directly expressed as hexadecimal digit.
• If the sum is greater than 15, then subtract 16 from that
particular digit and carry 1 to the next digit position.

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 Hexadecimal subtraction
• 16 will be used as borrow

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 Multiplication
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 Multiplication (3 of 3)
• Binary, two n-bit values
– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010

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 Coding methods (EBCDIC BCD ASCII,
UNICODE)
• Computer system encodes the data by means
of binary or digital coding schemes to
represent letters, numbers and special
characters (@ ,%, $).
• Some of the commonly used schemes are
EBCDIC, ASCII, and Unicode.

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 BCD 6 bit

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 Coding methods (EBCDIC BCD ASCII,
UNICODE)
• BCD is one of the early memory codes. In BCD each digit
of a decimal number is converted into its binary
equivalent
• and each decimal digit uses 4 bits for this conversion.
• BCD started using 6 bit since 4 bit was not enough to
represent all the characters
• Example: 4210 is not equal to 1010102 in BCD
4210 is equal to 0100 00102 in BCD
1010 = 0001 0000 in BCD
1510 = 0001 0101 in BCD
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 EBCDIC

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 Example

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 ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
• it is the built-in binary code for representing
characters in all computers except IBM
mainframes, which use the EBCDIC coding
system.
• ASCII is the binary code used in most of the
microcomputers.
• ASCII-7 uses 7 bit
• ASCII-8 uses 8 bit

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 ASCII Code
Code Char Code Char Code Char Code Char
32 Space 48 0 65 A 97 a
33 ! 49 1 66 B 98 b
34 " 50 2 67 C 99 c
35 # 51 3 68 D 100 d
36 $ 52 4 69 E 101 e

By Metekia S.
37 % 53 5 70 F 102 f
38 & 54 6 71 G 103 g
39 ' 55 7 72 H 104 h
40 ( 56 8 73 I 105 i
41 ) 57 9 74 J 106 j
… … … … … … … …

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 UNI CODE
• UNI code is an international standard that provides a single
encoding for all the world’s languages.
• By adding support for Unicode, applications can create
process and display information in any language. (amharic)
• UNI code uses two byte or 16 bit
• 65,536 character combination
• ISCII Code
• It is Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange
code. It is 8-bit code, which is developed to represent the
Indian script alphabets.

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 Signed numbers
• How to Represent Negative Numbers on
Computers?
• Using,
• Sign And Magnitude Method
• One’s Complement Method
• Two’s Complement Method

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2.5 Floating-Point Representation

• Computers use a form of scientific notation for

floating-point representation
• Numbers written in scientific notation have three
components:

121.5 = 1.125 *102

101010.111= 1.01010 * 25
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