FUNDAMENTALS

OF INTERNET
OF THINGS
 UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
 INTRODUCTION OF IOT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT
 FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF IOT
 SENSING
 ACTUATION
 BASICS OF NETWORKING
 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
 SENSOR NETWORKING
 INTRODUCTION

 “Internet of Things” was coined by Kevin Ashton in

1999, and it has recently become more relevant to the
practical world largely because of the growth of mobile
devices, embedded and ubiquitous communication,
cloud computing and data analytics.

 Internet of Things would be a $8.9 trillion market in

2020.
 INTRODUCTION-CONT

 Imagine a world where billions of objects can sense,

communicate and share information, all interconnected
over public or private Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
 These interconnected objects have data regularly
collected, analyzed and used to initiate action,
providing a wealth of intelligence for planning,
management and decision making.
 This is the world of the Internet of Things.
 IOT comprises things that have unique identities and
are connected to the Internet.
 While many existing devices, such as networked
computers or 4G enabled mobile phones.
 The focus on IOT is in the configuration, control and
networking via Internet devices or Things that are
traditionally not associated with the Internet.
 These include devices such as thermostats, utility
meters, Bluetooth-connected headset, irrigation pumps,
and sensors or control circuits for an electric car’s
engine.
FIG: 1 INFERRING INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE FROM DATA
 The scope of IOT is not limited to just connecting things
(devices, appliances, machines) to the Internet.
 IOT allows these things to communicate and exchange
data (control & Information, that could include data
associated with users) while executing meaning full
applications towards a common user or machine goal.
 Data itself does not have a meaning until it is
contextualized processed into useful information.
 Applications on IoT networks extract and create
information from lower level data by filtering,
processing, categorizing, condensing and contextualizing
the data.
 This information obtained is then organized and
structured to infer knowledge about the system or its
users, its environment, and its operations and progress
towards its objectives, allowing a smarter performnce.
APPLICATIONS OF IOT
 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT

 Definition :
The Internet of things refers to a type of network to connect
anything with the Internet based on stipulated protocols
through information sensing equipments to conduct
information exchange and communications in order to
achieve smart recognitions, positioning, tracing, monitoring,
and administration.
 A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual "things"
have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities,
use intelligent interfaces, are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, and often communicate data associated
with users and their environments .
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT

 Dynamic & Self-Adapting

 Self-Configuring

 Interoperable Communication Protocols

 Unique Identity

 Integrated into Information Network

DYNAMIC & SELF-ADAPTING
 IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the contexts and take actions
based on their operating conditions, users context, or
sensed environment.

 The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping

and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as
the context of devices including location and speed.

 Ex: surveillance Cameras

 Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically

SELF-CONFIGURING
 IoT devices may have self-configuring
capability, allowing large number of devices
to work together to provide certain
functionality(such as weather monitoring).

 These devices have the ability configure

themselves setup the networking and fetch
latest software upgrades with minimal
manual or user intervention.
INTEROPERABLE COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS
 IoT devices may support a number of
interoperable communication protocols and
can communicate with other devices and also
with the infrastructure.

 Ex: TCP, Udp, IPv4,IPv6,802.3 ethernet,

802.11-wifi, 2G/3G/LTE Cellular…etc..
UNIQUE IDENTITY
 Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier (such as IP address or URI).

 IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which

adapt based on the context, allowing with users and the
environmental contexts.

 IoT device interfaces allows user to query the devices,

monitor their status, and control them remotely, in
association with the control, configuration and
management infrastructure.
INTEGRATED INTO INFORMATION NETWORK

 IoT devices are usually integrated into the information

network that allows them to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems.

 IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the

network , by the other devices and/or the network, and
have the capability to describe themselves to other
devices or user applications.

 Ex: weather monitoring

 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT
 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which
have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
 Exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly). (Or)
 Collect data from other devices and process the data
locally or Send the data to centralized servers (or)
 cloud-based application back-ends for processing the
data, (or)
 Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the
IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space
constraints.(i.e; memory, processing capabilities,
communication latencies, and speeds and deadlines)
GENERIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN IOT DEVICE

• An IoT device may consist

of several interfaces for
connections to other
devices, both wired and
wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for
Internet
connectivity
• Memory and
storage
interfaces
• Audio/video
interfaces.
 IOT DEVICES

 IoT devices can also be varied types, instance,

wearable sensors, smart watches, LED lights,
automobiles and industrial machines.

 All most all IoT devices generate data in some

form or the other which when processed by data
analytics system leads to useful information to
guide further actions locally or remotely.

 Ex: Soil Moisture monitoring device

 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF IOT
 The functional block of the system provides the
capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and management.
Various components of IoT functional block are
as follows.
 • Device
 • Communications
 • Services
 • Management
 • Security
 • Application
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF IOT
 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF IOT
 Device:
 I. IoT i.e Internet of things, where things refer to the IoT devices
which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities and control functions (ex:
combination of sensors, actuators, Arduino, relay and non IoT
devices).
 II. The IoT devices can share information with as well as collect
information from other connected devices and applications
(directly and indirectly).
 III. They can process the data locally or in the cloud to find
greater insights and put them into action based on temporal and
space constraints (i.e space memory, processing capabilities,
communication latencies and speeds and deadlines).
 IV. IoT devices can be of varied types. For ex: wearable
sensors, smart watches, LED lights, automobiles and industrial
machines.
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF IOT
 Communications: It refers to various communication
protocols which allows different devices to communicate
with each other by sharing some information. It also allows
interoperability among different devices.

 Services: IoT system provides various services such as

device monitoring, device control services, data publishing
services, and services for device discovery.

 Management: Various management functions to govern

the IoT system.
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF IOT
 Security: It secures the IoT system by providing
authentication, authorization, message and content integrity
and data security.

 Application:
I. IoT applications provide an interface that the users can
use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system.
II. It also allows viewing the system status and view or
analysing the processed data.
SENSING
 Sensors play an important role in creating solutions
using IoT. Sensors are devices that detect external
information, replacing it with a signal that humans and
machines can distinguish.

 The main purpose of sensors is to collect data from

the surrounding environment. Sensors, or 'things' of
the IoT system, form the front end.

 These are connected directly or indirectly

to IoT networks after signal conversion and
processing.
SENSING
●
Sensors measure or identify a particular quantity
Convert physical quantities to electrical signals understood by
●

machines
 SENSING
 An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to
the cloud through some kind of connectivity. Once the data
gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might
decide to perform an action, such as sending an alert or
automatically adjusting the sensors/devices without the
need for the user
 Types of sensor:
 Temperature Sensor.
 Proximity Sensor.
 Accelerometer.
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Pressure Sensor.
 Light Sensor.
 Ultrasonic Sensor.
 Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor.
TYPE OF SENSORS
MOBILE PHONE : A SENSOR HUB
Example:

30
 ACTUATION
 Sensor generates electrical signals while
an actuator results in the production of
energy in the form of heat or motion.
Magnetometer, cameras, microphones are
some of the examples in which the sensor is
used. In contrast, actuators are used in the
LED, loudspeaker, motor controllers, laser
etc...
 ACTUATOR
A device that takes the actions as per the input command, pulse, state (1/0), set of
1s and 0s or control signal. An attached motor, speaker, LED or an output device
converts electrical energy into physical action.
Piezoelectric vibrator : Piezoelectric crystals when applied varying electric
voltages at input generate vibrations
Motor : can be dc/ac; I/O modules available to receive control digital inputs
of 1/0 deliver high currents. A cam converts rotator motion into linear motion
when motor rotates.
Relay Switch : An electronic switch can be controlled by 1/0 from the port pin of
microcontroller. A relay switch makes mechanical contact when input magnetizes
with a control circuit and pulls a lever to make the contact
ACTUATOR
IOT PROTOCOLS
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-
WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet
Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
LINK LAYER:
 Link Layer: Link Layer protocols determine how the
data is physically sent over the networks physical layer
or medium(example copper wire, electrical cable, or
radio wave).

 The Scope of The Link Layer is the Last Local Network

connections to which host is attached. Host on the same
link exchange data packets over the link layer using the
link layer protocol.

 Link layer determines how the packets are coded and

signaled by the hardware device over the medium to
which the host is attached.
 802.3 Ethernet: 802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet
standards for the link layer. For example 802.3 10BASE5
Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i is
standard for 10 BASET Ethernet over copper twisted pair
connection, Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40
gigabits per second and the higher.

 The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted

pair wire or and Optical fiber. Shared medium carries the
communication for all the devices on the network.

 802.1- WI-FI: IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area

network.(WLAN) communication standards, including extensive
descriptions of the link layer. For example 802.11a operate in the
5 GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band.
802.11ac operates in the 5G hertz band.
 802.16 wiMAX: IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless
broadband and Standards, including extensive descriptions for
the link layer also called WiMAX.

 wimax standard provides a data rates from from 1.5 Mb/s to

1Gb/s the recent update provides data rates of hundred megabits
per second for mobile station.

 802.15.4 LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collections of

standard for low rate wireless personal area network(LRWPAN).

 These standard form the basis of specifications for high level

communication Zigbee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates
from 40 k b/ s. These standards provide low cost and low speed
Communications for power constrained devices.
 2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications: These are
the different generations of mobile communication
standards including second generation (2G
including GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation (3G
including UMTS and CDMA2000) and 4th
generation 4G including LTE.
 NETWORK / INTERNET LAYER :
 Network / internet layer : The network layer are
responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. This layer Performs the
host addressing and packet routing.
 The datagrams contains a source and destination address
which are used to route them from the source to the
destination across multiple networks. Host Identification is
done using the hierarchy IP addressing schemes such as
ipv4 or IPv6.
 IPV4: Internet protocol versions for open parents close
(IPV4) is there most deployed internet protocol that is used
to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy
latest schemes. It uses 32 bit addresses scheme that allows
total of 2 32 address. As more and more devices got
connected to the internet. The Ipv4 has succeeded by IPv6.
 IPV4: Internet protocol versions for open parents close
(IPV4) is there most deployed internet protocol that is used
to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy
latest schemes. It uses 32 bit addresses scheme that allows
total of 2 32 address. As more and more devices got
connected to the internet. The Ipv4 has succeeded by IPv6.

 IPv6: It is the newest versions of internet protocol and

successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses 128 bit address schemes that
are lost total of 2 128 are 3.4* 10 38 address.

 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over low power wireless personal area

networks brings IP protocol to the low power device which
have limited processing capability it operate in the 2.4 GHz
frequency range and provide the data transfer rate off to 50
kb/s.
TRANSPORT LAYER
 Transport layer : The Transport layer protocols provides end-
to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network.
 The message transfer capability can be set up on connections,
either using handshake or without handshake
acknowledgements. Provides functions such as error control ,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
 TCP: Transmission control protocol is the most widely used to
transport layer protocol that is used by the web browsers along
with HTTP , HTTPS application layer protocols email program
(SMTP application layer protocol) and file transfer protocol.
 TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful protocol while IP
protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmissions of packets in order.
 TCP also provide error deduction capability so that
duplicate packets can be discarded and low packets
are retransmitted.
 The flow control capability ensures that the rate at which
the sender since the data is now to too to high for the
receiver to process.

 UDP: unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial

setup procedure, UDP is a connection less protocol. UDP
is useful for time sensitive application they have very
small data units to exchange and do not want the overhead
of connection setup.

 UDP is a transactions oriented and stateless protocol. UDP

does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of
messages and duplicate eliminations.
 APPLICATION LAYER

 Application layer : Application layer protocol define how

the application interfaces with the lower layer protocols to
send the data over the network.

 Data are typically in files, is encoded by the application

layer protocol and encapsulated in the transport layer
protocol .Application layer protocol enable process-to-
process connection using ports.

 Http: Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer

protocol that forms the foundations of world wide web http
includes, ,commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE,
HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS etc.
 The protocol follows a requestresponse model where are
client sends request to server using the http, commands.

 Http is a stateless protocol and each http request is

independent father request and http client can be a
browser or an application running on the client example
and application running on an IoT device ,mobile mobile
applications or other software.

 CoAP: Constrained application protocol is an application

layer protocol for machine to machine application M2M
meant for constrained environment with constrained
devices and constrained networks..
 Like http CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a
request- response model, however it runs on the top of the
UDP instead of TC CoAP uses a client –server architecture
where client communicate with server using
connectionless datagrams.It is designed to easily interface
with http like http,CoAP supports method such as GET,
PUT, DELETE .

 Websocket: Websocket protocol allows full duplex

communication over a single socket connections for
sending message between client and server. Websocket is
based on TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent
back and forth between the client and server while keeping
the TCP connection open. The client can be a browser, a
mobile application and IoT device
 MQTT :Message Queue Telemetry Transport it is a lightweight
message protocol based on public -subscribe model. MQTT uses
a client server Architecture where the clients connect to the
server and publishes message to topic on the server. The broker
forward the message to the clients subscribed to topics.
 MQTT is well suited for constrained and environments where
the devices have limited processing and memory resources and
the network bandwidth is low.

 XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol it is a

protocol for real-time communication and streaming XML data
between network entities XMPP powers wide range of
applications including messaging, presence, data syndication,
gaming multiparty chat and voice / voice calls.
 XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one
network entity to another in real time. XMPP supports both
client to server and server –client communication path.
 DDS: Data distribution service is the date centric
middleware standard for deviceto-device machine to
machine communication DDS uses a publish subscribe
model where publisher create topics to which subscribers
can subscribe.
 publisher is an object responsible for data distributions
and the subscriber responsible for receiving published
data. DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and
configurable reliability
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols. it is an
open application layer protocol for business messaging.
AMQP support point to point and publisher/subscriber
models, routing and queuing.
 AMQP broker receive message from publishers and
about them over connections to consumers. publishers
publish the message to exchange which then distribute
message copies to queues.
 SENSOR NETWORK
 A sensor network comprises a group of small,
powered devices, and a wireless or wired networked
infrastructure.

 They record conditions in any number of environments

including industrial facilities, farms, and hospitals. The
sensor network connects to the internet or computer
networks to transfer data for analysis and use.

 Sensor network nodes cooperatively sense and control

the environment. They enable interaction between
persons or computers and the surrounding environment.
 SENSOR NETWORK
 Operation of a Sensor Network
 Sensor networks typically include sensor nodes, actuator
nodes, gateways, and clients. Sensor nodes group inside
the sensor field and form networks of different topologies.
The following process describes how sensor networks
operate:
 A sensor node monitors the data collected by the sensor
and transmits this to other sensor nodes.
 During the transmission process, data may be handled by
multiple nodes as it reaches a gateway node.
 The data is then transferred to the management node.
 The management node is managed by the user and
determines the monitoring required and collects the
monitored data.
SENSOR NETWORK
 SENSOR NETWORK
 Sensor Nodes
 There are many nodes in a sensor network. These nodes
are the detection stations. There is a sensor/transducer,
microcontroller, transceiver, and power source:
 A sensor senses the physical condition, and if there is any
change, it generates electrical signals.
 The signals go to the microcontroller for processing.
 A central processor sends commands to the transceiver and
data is transmitted to a computer.
SENSORS USING SELF –DRIVING
CAR
THANK YOU