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Week 1 Theories of Motivation

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19 views26 pages

Week 1 Theories of Motivation

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sravaniganti01
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MOTIVATION

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
• Basic cause of all human activities
• Guilford : “ A motive is a particular internal
factor or condition that tends to initiate and to
sustain activity”
• All internal conditions – that moves a person
• Motives are the needs, wants, interests, and desires
that propel people in certain directions.
• Motivation is what activates and directs
behavior
• Light activates and directs plants, hardly
say that light ‘motivates’ plants
• Motivation is what makes our behavior
more vigorous and energetic
• Motivation is what changes one’s
preferences and choice
• Internal factor & external factor
• Motivation explains the ‘why’ of behavior
• Inferred from external factors
• One motive behind different actions and
different motives behind same action.
• A man can coin towards beggar due to
disgust and also due to pity
• Latin motum = motion
Approaches that explain Motivation
1. Instinct Approach : innate behaviours essential for
survival /evolutionary theories
2. Drive reduction : disequilibrium / lack of homeostasis
creates a drive to create equilibrium
3. Arousal theories : we increases / decrease our level of
activity(goal directed behaviour). It is not just for drive
reduction
4. Incentive theory : external goals/ reinforcers motivate
behaviour
5. Maslow’s Hierarchy
6. Achievement Motivation Theory - McClelland.
Instinct Approach
• Instincts are innate patterns of behaviour that
are biologically determined
• evolutionary perspective - motives of humans
are the products of evolution
• Motives operate for survival of the organism
and the species
• natural selection favors behaviors that
maximize reproductive success
– motives such as affiliation, achievement,
dominance, aggression, and sex drive in terms of
their adaptive value
• Eg. need for dominance is thought to be
greater in men
• affiliation motive:help with offspring,
collaboration in hunting (ancestors) and
gathering, opportunities for sexual interaction

• However humans are governed by motives


that also override instincts
DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY (Push
theory)
• Drive
• An internal state of unrest or irritation that
energizes one behavior
• Hunger, thirst, sex
• A drive is a hypothetical, internal state of tension that
motivates an organism to engage in activities that
should reduce this tension.
• organisms seek to maintain: homeostasis, a
state of physiological equilibrium or stability.
HOMEOSTASIS
• State of equilibrium
• Optimal level of biological conditions
• Body Temperature 37c
• Combination of physiological and behavioral
• Fight against both increases and decreases
• Maintain body weight
• Constant amount of water
• Any disturbance / deficit must be checked
• Lack of a biological requirement – drive – goal
directed behaviour

Drive Drive
(internal Motivation
reduction
state of (behaviou
(Homeos
tensin r)
tasis)

Hunger- discomfort
Eat food/ cook food
restores physiological equilibrium.
• Push theory- Drives pushes us to the goal
directed behaviour
Criticism of drive theory
• However we sometimes are motivated even
without a deficit or for needs that are not
biological
• Homeostasis appears irrelevant to some
human motives, such as a “thirst for
knowledge.”
INCENTIVE THEOR (Pull)
• An incentive is an external goal that has the
capacity to motivate behavior.
• External stimulus that pull us

• Motivation stems from desire to obtain an


external goal
• You eat because you are hungry – drive
• Appealing food in front of you – incentive
• Eg. ice cream, a juicy steak, a monetary prize,
approval from friends, an A on an exam, and a
Push versus Pull theories
• .
Drive Incentive
Push Pull
internal states of external stimuli pull
tension push people
source of motivation the source of
lies within motivation lies outside
role of biological role of environmental
factors factors
Arousal approaches ( Refer Feldman)
• Goal directed behaviour to increase or
maintain level of stimulation/ excitement
• each person tries to maintain a certain level
of stimulation and activity
• If excess, we reduce
• If less, we increase by seeking stimulation
(contrast to drive reduction)
• However the optimal level of stimulation
varies across individuals
– Exroverts/ introverts
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nKVA40
QqCE
ABRAHAM MASLOW- Hierarchy of needs
• Maslow believed that much of human behavior can be
explained by the individual’s tendency to seek personal
goal states that make life rewarding and meaningful.
• Maslow proposed that human desires (i.e., motives)
are innately given and are arranged in an ascending
hierarchy of priority or potency.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV_LBx3t6pA&feat
ure=youtu.be
HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

• Physical survival
• Needs for food, drink, oxygen, activity,
sleep, sex, protection from extreme
temperatures, and sensory stimulation.
• Chronically hungry person will never
strive to compose music
SAFETY NEEDS
• Infants, for instance, respond fearfully if they
are suddenly dropped or startled by loud
noises or flashing lights.
• e.g., war, crime waves, floods, earthquakes,
riots
BELONGINGNESS/SOCIAL
• Motivated for affectionate relationships with
others
• Group membership becomes a dominant goal
• Rejection - especially when induced by the
absence of friends, relatives, a spouse, or
children.
• Maslow rejected the Freudian notion - love is
not synonymous with sex
SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
• Self-respect and esteem
• desire for competence, confidence,
personal strength, adequacy,
achievement, independence, and
freedom
• capable of mastering tasks and challenges
in life.
• Esteem from others includes prestige,
recognition acceptance, attention,
status, reputation, and appreciation.
*
SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
• full use and exploitation of his talents,
capacities, and potentialities.
• person’s desire for self-improvement
• What a man can be, he must be. He must
be true on his own nature
• creative and artistic endeavors

*
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
• David McClelland (1917-1998)
• Achievement motivation
• Need to master difficult challenges, to outperform
others, and to meet high standards of excellence.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7CHLF4IZuo

*
Write down 3 reasons why you chose Christ University
• Activity
• Throw paper

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