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Exception, File

Uploaded by

rija.rajagiri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced .

NET
Module 2
String Handling

● In C#, string is an object of System.String class that represent sequence of


characters.
● We can perform many operations on strings such as concatenation, comparision,
getting substring, search, trim, replacement etc.
● In C#, string is keyword which is an alias for System.String class. That is why string
and String are equivalent. We are free to use any naming convention.
Methods
Clone() Contains(String)
It is used to return a reference to this instance of String. It is used to return a value indicating whether a
Compare(String, String) specified substring occurs within this string.
It is used to compares two specified String objects. It returns an IndexOf(String)
integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order. It is used to report the zero-based index of the first
CompareTo(String) occurrence of the specified string in this instance.
It is used to compare this instance with a specified String object. ToString()
It indicates whether this instance precedes, follows, or appears in
It is used to return instance of String.
the same position in the sort order as the specified string.
Trim()
Concat(String, String)
It is used to remove all leading and trailing white-
It is used to concatenate two specified instances of String.
space characters from the current String object.
clone()
● The Clone() method is used to clone a string
Hello
object. It returns another copy of same data.
Hello
● The return type of Clone() method is object.
● It does not take any parameter.

Example
public static void Main(string[] args)
{ string s1 = "Hello ";
string s2 = (String)s1.Clone();
Console.WriteLine(s1);
Console.WriteLine(s2);
}
Quoted string literals

Quoted string literals start and end


with a single double quote
character (") on the same line.
Exception Handling

● An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program.


● A C# exception is a response to an exceptional circumstance that arises
while a program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.
● Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to
another.
● C# exception handling is built upon four keywords: try, catch, finally, and
throw.
Exception Handling

● try − A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions is
activated. It is followed by one or more catch blocks.
● catch − A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the
place in a program where you want to handle the problem. The catch
keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
● finally − The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements,
whether an exception is thrown or not thrown. For example, if you open a
file, it must be closed whether an exception is raised or not.
● throw − A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is
Exception Classes

● System.IO.IOException : Handles I/O errors.


● System.IndexOutOfRangeException : Handles errors generated
when a method refers to an array index out of range.
● System.ArrayTypeMismatchException :Handles errors
generated when type is mismatched with the array type.
● System.DivideByZeroException : Handles errors generated from
dividing a dividend with zero.
Multithreading
● A thread is a lightweight process, or in other words, a thread is a unit which executes
the code under the program.
● So every program has logic and a thread is responsible for executing this logic.
● Every program by default carries one thread to executes the logic of the program and
the thread is known as the Main Thread, so every program or application is by default
single-threaded model.
● This single-threaded model has a drawback. The single thread runs all the process
present in the program in synchronizing manner, means one after another. So, the
second process waits until the first process completes its execution, it consumes more
time in processing.
Multithreading
● Multi-threading is a process that contains multiple threads within a single process.
Here each thread performs different activities.
● The major advantage of multithreading is it works simultaneously, which means
multiple tasks execute at the same time.
● And also maximizing the utilization of the CPU because multithreading works on
time-sharing concept, which means, each thread takes its own time for execution and
does not affect the execution of another thread, this time interval is given by the
operating system.
System.Threading Namespace
The System.Threading namespace contains classes and interfaces to provide the facility of
multithreaded programming. It also provides classes to synchronize the thread resource. A
list of commonly used classes are given below:
Advantages of Multithreading:
● Thread
● It executes multiple process
● Mutex simultaneously.
● Timer
● Maximize the utilization of
CPU resources.
● Monitor ● Time sharing between
● Semaphore multiple process.

● ThreadLocal

● ThreadPool
System.Threading.Thread class
The following are the most common instance members of the
System.Threading.Thread class:
● Name
A property of string type used to get/set the friendly name of the thread instance.
● Priority
A property of type System.Threading.ThreadPriority to schedule the priority of
threads.
● IsAlive
A Boolean property indicating whether the thread is alive or terminated.
● ThreadState
A property of type System.Threading.ThreadState, used to get the value
containing the state of the thread.
System.Threading.Thread class
● start()
Starts the execution of the thread.
● abort()
Allows the current thread to stop the execution of the thread permanently.
● suspend()
Pauses the execution of the thread temporarily.
● resume()
Resumes the execution of a suspended thread.
● join()
Make the current thread wait for another thread to finish.
● sleep()
Temporarily suspend the current execution of the thread for specified milliseconds.
Thread Synchronization
● Synchronization is a technique that allows only one thread to access the resource
for the particular time. No other thread can interrupt until the assigned thread
finishes its task.
● In multithreading program, threads are allowed to access any resource for the
required execution time. Threads share resources and executes asynchronously.
● Accessing shared resources (data) is critical task that sometimes may halt the
system. We deal with it by making threads synchronized.
● It is mainly used in case of transactions like deposit, withdraw etc.

Advantage of Thread Synchronization


● Maintain consistency

● No Thread Interference
Lock
● We can use C# lock keyword to execute program
synchronously.
● It is used to get lock for the current thread, execute the task and
then release the lock.
● It ensures that other thread does not interrupt the execution until
the execution finish.
FILE I/O
● A file is a collection of data stored in a disk with a specific name and a directory
path. When a file is opened for reading or writing, it becomes a stream.
● The stream is basically the sequence of bytes passing through the communication
path.
There are two main streams:
● Input stream
● Output stream
● The input stream is used for reading data from file (read operation) and the output
stream is used for writing into the file (write operation).
I/O Classes
➔ The System.IO namespace has various classes that are used for performing
numerous operations with files, such as creating and deleting files, reading from
or writing to a file, closing a file etc.
➔ The following are the non-abstract classes in the System.IO namespace −
● BinaryReader : Reads primitive data from a binary stream.
● BinaryWriter : Writes primitive data in binary format.
● BufferedStream :A temporary storage for a stream of bytes.
● Directory :Helps in manipulating a directory structure.
● DirectoryInfo :Used for performing operations on directories.
● DriveInfo :Provides information for the drives.
● File :Helps in manipulating files.
● StringReader :Is used for reading from a string buffer.
● StringWriter :Is used for writing into a string buffer.

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