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Chapter 7 - Collecting and Understanding Project Data

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21 views15 pages

Chapter 7 - Collecting and Understanding Project Data

Uploaded by

Ali M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Collecting and Understanding

Project Data
Chapter 7
Introduction
• The evolution of quality theory and
practice has created a number of tools.
• Tools fall into five categories:
• Collecting data
• Understanding data
• Understanding processes
• Analyzing processes
• Solving problems.
Seven basic tools
• Seven basic tools of quality described by
Ishikawa in his books, Guide to Quality
Control:
• Check sheet
• Graph
• Histogram
• Pareto chart
• Scatter diagram
• Control chart
• Cause and effect diagram
Tools for Collecting Data

• Improper or incomplete collection of data is a fundamental error with an


effect that may be magnified many times by subsequent action.
• A more deliberate method is necessary
 A check is sheet is a simple yet
powerful tool for collecting
data.

Check  It is used to compile and record


data from contemporaneous
Sheet observations or historical data
Check Sheet
• Using a check sheet involves four steps:
1. Define events and data. It is important to
describe precisely what will be collected
2. Decide who, what, when, where, how, and
why. These aspects of the collection effort
are essential to its ultimate success.
3. Design the check sheet.
4. Collect data when all prperations are
complete.
Tools for Understanding Data

• Four tools may be helpful to project managers to understand data:

1. Graphs,

2. Histograms,

3. Pareto charts

4. Scatter diagrams
 Graphs are one of Ishikawa’s seven
basic tools.
 The purpose of a graph is to organize,
summarize, and display data, usually
1.Graphs over time.
 Ishikawa described three different types
of graphs, including line graphs,
bar graphs, and circle graphs.
Four steps are involved in preparing graphs:

1. Define events and data.


2. 2. Design the graph. Select the type of graph
1.Graphs
to be used, considering the data and the
audience of the graph.
3. Collect data if this has not already been done.
4. Enter data. Prepare the graph by entering data.
a. The Line graph

• This line graph, the burn chart


shows how project expenditures
are progressing over time in
relation to the project budget.
b. The bar graph

• A bar graph displays data as


vertical or horizontal bars. It can
show data over time or data at a
single point in time.
• Shown figure shows bar graph that
displays project budget and
expense data by quarter for a
twelve-month period.
c. The circle graph

• A circle graph (often called a “pie


chart”) is useful for displaying
data when the relationships
between data elements and the
whole are more important than
showing data over time.
2. Histogram
• A histogram is used to summarize data
and to show a frequency distribution; that
is, how data elements are distributed
across a range of values.
• Class interval (the number of bars on the
histogram) is determined by the square
root of the total number of data points.
• Class width (the data range within each
bar) is determined by the total data range
divided by the class interval.
2. Pareto Charts
• A Pareto chart is a bar graph with bars arranged in
descending order from left to right.
• The bars represent sources of error, and the values of
the bars reflect the number of defects.
• The left-most bar (the category with the greatest
number of data points) represents the greatest
opportunity for improvement.
• A Pareto chart includes a cumulative percentage
curve that helps identify the “vital few,” the small
number of sources of error (about 20 percent) that
account for most of the defects (about 80 percent).
3. Scatter Diagrams
• Scatter diagrams identify possible relationships
between two variables.
• Close groupings of data points suggest a strong
relationship.
• Very wide groupings or widely dispersed data
points suggest weak relationships or no
relationship.
• Scatter diagrams cannot be used to predict
values outside the range of data included in the
diagram.

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