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63 views27 pages

01 Introduction Nya

intro

Uploaded by

paradox.aar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Computer Architecture

Course Code: CSE 360

Presented by
Dr. Md. Nawab Yousuf Ali
Professor, Dept. of CSE
Lecture 1
Introduction
Objectives
After undergoing this course, students
should be
• able to grasp the basic concept of
computer architecture and organization,
and understand the key skills of
constructing cost-effective computer
systems.
• able to evaluate different designs and
organizations of modern computers to
provide quantitative arguments in
evaluating different designs.
.
Objectives

• able to articulate design issues in the


design and development of different
components of a computer such as
processor, memory, and control unit etc.
• able to understand the design issues of
scalable and parallel computer
architectures to cope up with future high
performance computing systems.
Scalable Computer:
It is the ability of a computer application or product
(hardware or software) to continue to function well
when it (or its context) is changed in size or volume
in order to meet a user need.

Parallel Computer:
A computer that utilizes parallel processing that can
be upgraded by adding more CPUs to it, effectively
increasing its computing power.
Architecture & Organization
• Computer architecture refers to those
attributes of a system visible to the programmer
o Examples of architectural attributes includes:
1. The instruction set,
2. The number of bits used to represent various
data types (e.g. numbers, characters)
3. I/O mechanisms and
4. Techniques for addressing memory
For example, it is an architectural design issue
whether a computer will have a multiply
instruction
Architecture & Organization
o Organizational attributes include hardware
details transparent to the programmer such
as
1.Control signals
2.Interfaces between the computers and
peripherals and
3.The memory technology
For example, it is an organizational issue
whether that instruction will be
implemented by a special multiply unit or
by a mechanism that makes repeated use
of the add unit of the system.
Architecture & Organization 2
• Historically and still today, the distinction between
architecture and organization has been important one.
• Many computer manufacturers offer a family of
computer models with the same architecture but with
differences in organization
• A particular architecture may span many years and
encompass a number of different computer models, its
organization changing with technology
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
architecture since 1970
• Over the years, IBM has introduced many new models
with improved technology to replace older models,
offering the customer greater speed, cost , or both;
these newer models retained the same architecture.
• The relationship between architecture and organization
is very closed.
• Changes in technology not only influence organization
but also introduces more powerful and more complex
architecture, e.g., RISC (reduced instruction set
computer)
Structure & Function
• A computer is a complex system;
contemporary computers contain millions
of elementary electronic components.

• Structure is the way in which the


components are interrelated.

• Function is the operation of individual


components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Functional View
Function (1)
• The computer must be able to process
data.
-Data may take a wide variety of forms.
-The range of processing requirements is broad.

• It is also essential that a computer store


data.
-Files of data are stored in a short-term data
storage or long term-data storage on the
computer for subsequent retrieval and update.
Function (2)
• The computer must be able to move data
between itself and the outside world.
 The computer’s operating environment consists
of devices that serve as either sources or
destinations of data.
 When data are received from or delivered to a
device that is directly connected to the computer,
the process is known as input-output (I/O), and
the device is referred to as a peripheral.
 When data are moved over longer distances, to or
from a remote devices, the process is known as
data communications.
Function (3)
• Finally, there must be control of
these three functions.
• This control is exercised by the individual
(s) who provides the instructions to the
computer.
Four Possible Computer Operations
• The computer can function as a data movement
device, simply transferring data from one
peripheral or communications line to another
[See (a)]

• It can also function as a data storage device,


with data transferred from the external
environment to computer storage (read) and vice
versa (write) [See (b)]

• Final two operations involving data processing


either from/to storage or from storage to I/O.
[See (c) and (d)]
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure
• The computer is an entity that interacts in some
fashion with its external environment.
• In general, all of its linkages to the external
environment can be classified as peripheral
devices or communication lines.
Structural Components:
• Four main structural components:
 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions (referred as processor).

 Main Memory: Stores data.

 I/O: Moves data between the computer and its


external environment.

 System Interconnection: Some mechanism that


provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O.
Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU
• Major structural components are:
 Control Unit: Controls the operation of the CPU
and hence all the computer resources.

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs


(Arithmetical and logical functions and controls
the speed of those operations) the computer’s
data processing functions.

 Registers: Provide storage internal to the CPU.

 CPU Interconnection: Some mechanism that


provides for communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers.
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit
• The most interesting component is the control
unit.
• The control unit can be implemented using the
technique of microprogramming.
• Portion of control storage contains microcode.
• Micro-operations generally involves a transfer
between registers, a transfer between a register
and an external bus, or a simple ALU operation.
• It causes the processor to execute micro-
operations in the proper sequence, determined
by the program being executed.
• It generates the control signals that cause each
micro-operation to be execute.
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
Lecture Summary

This lecture introduces –

Overall course structure and overview of entire course.


the organization and architecture of the computer.
the structure and function of the computer.

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