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Introduction
to
Linux
 INDEX

 Installing Linux into your system

 Booting process
 Introduction to the Command Line
 Working with Files
 Viewing and Editing Files
 Make your own Commands
 Linux Distribution
 Linux File/Directory Structure & Permissions
 Editing Files in Vi, with Graphical Editors
 Shell / Shell Commands/ Shell Scripting
 Wildcards, Environment Variables
 Connecting to Linux over the network

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 Installing Linux into your system
Installing Linux on VMware is a bit different from installing it on a physical machine, but the overall process is quite similar. Here's a step-by-step
guide to installing Linux on VMware:

Download VMware Workstation Player or VMware Workstation Pro: If you haven't already, download and install VMware Workstation Player
(free for personal use) or VMware Workstation Pro (paid version with additional features). You can get it from the VMware website.
Download the Linux ISO: Just like with a physical installation, you'll need to download the ISO file for the Linux distribution you want to install.
Choose the appropriate version for your VMware software (32-bit or 64-bit).
Create a New Virtual Machine: Open VMware Workstation and click on "Create a New Virtual Machine" or use the shortcut. Select "Typical" for
the configuration type.
Select the Linux ISO: When prompted to select the installation method, choose "Installer disc image file (iso)" and browse to the location of the
Linux ISO file you downloaded.
Choose Linux Distribution: VMware will attempt to detect the operating system from the ISO file, but you may need to select it manually if it
doesn't. Choose the appropriate Linux distribution and version.
Configure Virtual Machine Settings: You can customize various settings like the amount of RAM, number of CPU cores, hard disk size, etc. Set
these according to your system's specifications and the requirements of the Linux distribution.
Install Linux: Once the virtual machine is created, power it on. It will boot from the Linux ISO file you provided. Follow the on-screen
instructions to install Linux, just as you would on a physical machine.
Complete the Installation: Follow the Linux installation wizard to set up language, keyboard layout, disk partitioning, user account, etc. This
process may vary slightly depending on the Linux distribution you're installing.
Install VMware Tools (Optional): After installing Linux, it's a good idea to install VMware Tools, which provides better performance and
additional features. Most Linux distributions include VMware Tools in their package repositories. You can install it using your distribution's
package manager.
Reboot: Once everything is set up, reboot the virtual machine to complete the installation.

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 Introduction to the Command Line
The command line, also known as the terminal or shell, is a text-based interface for interacting with your computer's operating system. While graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) provide a visual way to interact with your computer, the command line offers a powerful and efficient way to perform tasks, especially for
system administration, automation, and programming.

Here's a basic introduction to the command line:

Accessing the Command Line: Depending on your operating system, you can access the command line in different ways:
Windows: Command Prompt or PowerShell
macOS: Terminal
Linux: Terminal (varies by distribution)

Navigating the File System:

cd: Change directory
Example: cd Documents (move to the "Documents" directory)

ls (or dir on Windows): List files and directories

pwd: Print working directory (show the current directory)

mkdir: Make directory

Example: mkdir NewFolder (create a new directory named "NewFolder")

rmdir (or rm -r on Linux/macOS): Remove directory

Example: rmdir OldFolder (remove the directory named "OldFolder")

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 Introduction to the Command Line

Working with Files: free: Display system memory usage

touch: Create an empty file
Example: touch myfile.txt (create a file named "myfile.txt") Getting Help:
cp: Copy files or directories man: Display manual pages for commands
Example: cp file1.txt file2.txt (copy "file1.txt" to "file2.txt") Example: man ls (display manual page for the ls command)
mv: Move or rename files or directories
Example: mv oldfile.txt newfile.txt (rename "oldfile.txt" to "newfile.txt")
rm: Remove files
Example: rm unwantedfile.txt (delete "unwantedfile.txt")

Viewing and Editing Files:

cat: Concatenate and display file content
less (or more on Windows): View file content page by page
nano, vim, or emacs: Text editors for creating or editing files

Managing Processes:
ps: List processes
kill: Terminate a process
top (or htop on Linux): Display dynamic real-time view of system
processes

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 Working with Files

Working with files in Linux involves a variety of commands and techniques.

Here are some common tasks and the corresponding commands to
accomplish them:
Copying, Moving, and Renaming Files:
Navigating File System: cp sourcefile destination: Copy file.
cd: Change directory. mv source destination: Move or rename file.
pwd: Print working directory. mv sourcefile newname: Rename file.
ls: List files and directories.
ls -l: List files and directories in long format (includes permissions, Deleting Files and Directories:
owner, group, size, and modification date). rm filename: Remove a file (Be careful, no recycle bin).
rm -r directory: Remove a directory and its contents recursively.
Creating Files and Directories: rmdir directory: Remove an empty directory.
touch filename: Create an empty file.
mkdir directoryname: Create a directory. Changing File Permissions:
mkdir -p directorypath: Create parent directories if they don't exist. chmod permissions filename: Change file permissions (e.g., chmod 755
filename).
Viewing File Content:
cat filename: Display file content. Searching for Files:
less filename: View file content page by page. find path -name filename: Search for files by name.
head filename: Display the first part of a file. grep pattern filename: Search for text within files.
tail filename: Display the last part of a file.
Archiving and Compression:
archive. tar options archivefile files: Archive files or directories.
tar -zxvf archivefile.tar.gz: Extract files from a tar.gz
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 Working with Files

File Navigation File Operations

Navigating the file system is a core skill Perform essential file operations like
in Linux. Use commands like cd to create, copy, move, and delete using
change directories, ls to list files, and pwd commands such as touch, cp, mv, and
to print your current working directory. rm. Understanding how to effectively
Mastering these basic file management manage files is crucial for organizing your
commands will allow you to quickly find work and projects on a Linux system.
and access the files you need.

File Permissions
Linux file permissions determine who can read, write, and execute a file. Use the chmod
command to set the appropriate permissions for your files and directories, ensuring the
security and accessibility of your data.

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 Viewing and Editing Files

Viewing Files Editing Files Graphical Editors

Viewing files is a fundamental task For more advanced file editing, you If you prefer a more visual
in Linux. You can use commands can use powerful text editors like Vi approach, Linux also offers
like cat, less, and more to display and Emacs. These terminal-based graphical text editors like Gedit and
the contents of text files. These tools editors provide rich functionality for Kate. These provide a user-friendly
allow you to scroll through and modifying files, including features interface and a range of editing
search the file's content with ease. like syntax highlighting, macros, tools, making them a great choice
and advanced search and replace. for beginners or those accustomed to
GUI-based applications.

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 Make your own Commands

Let's create a simple custom command in Linux. We'll create a command called
greet, which will greet the user with a customizable message.

Here's how you can do it:

Open a text editor and create a new file. You can name it anything you like. For
example, greet.sh.

Add the following lines to the file:

Save the file.

Make the file executable by running the following command in the terminal:

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 Make your own Commands

Move the file to a directory that is in your system's PATH. You can move it to /usr/local/bin for system-wide access or to ~/bin for
user-specific access. For example:

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 Linux Distribution

Linux is an open-source operating system that comes in many

different distributions, each with its own unique features and
customizations. Some of the most popular Linux distros include
Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, Debian, and Arch Linux. Each
distribution offers a different user experience, software
selection, and level of customization, allowing users to choose
the one that best fits their needs.

When selecting a Linux distribution, it's important to consider

factors like the desktop environment, package management
system, security features, and community support. Some distros
are geared more towards beginners, while others cater to
experienced users who want more control over their system.

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 Linux File/Directory Structure & Permissions

File/Directory Key Directories File Permissions Changing

Structure Permissions
Some of the most
Linux has a hierarchical important directories in a Linux uses a robust The chmod command is
file system structure, Linux system include permissions system to used to modify file and
with the root directory /bin (essential user control access to files directory permissions.
"/" at the top. Directories binaries), /etc (system and directories. Each file Users can grant or
branch off from the root, configuration files), and directory has an revoke access based on
containing files, /home (user home owner, a group, and the user, group, or
subdirectories, and other directories), /var permissions that others. Understanding
system resources. (variable data like logs), determine who can read, how to effectively use
Understanding this and /opt (optional write, and execute the chmod is a fundamental
structure is crucial for software packages). resource. Properly Linux administration
navigating and managing managing these skill.
your Linux system permissions is vital for
effectively. system security and
functionality.

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 Editing Files in Vi, with Graphical Editors

Editing with Vi Graphical Text Editors Customizing the Editor

For users who prefer a more visual
Vi, the classic Unix text editor, Both Vi and graphical text editors can be
approach, graphical text editors like
provides a powerful and efficient extensively customized to suit individual
Sublime Text, Atom, and Visual Studio
way to edit files directly from the preferences and workflows. From
Code offer a user-friendly interface with
command line. With its modal adjusting keyboard shortcuts to
features like syntax highlighting, code
interface and extensive keyboard installing plugins and extensions, users
folding, and real-time previewing. These
shortcuts, Vi allows developers and can tailor their editing environment to
modern editors integrate seamlessly with
power users to quickly navigate, maximize productivity and efficiency,
development workflows and provide a
search, and make precise changes to making the process of writing and
comfortable editing experience for both
text-based files. modifying code a more pleasant and
novice and experienced users.
streamlined experience.

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 Editing Files in Vi, with Graphical Editors

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 Shell / Shell Commands/ Shell Scripting

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 Wildcards, Environment Variables

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 Wildcards, Environment Variables

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 Connecting to Linux over the network

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 Connecting to Linux over the network

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 Thank You

Deepak Chopade

Founder & CEO/Trainer – DCDIUM Technologies Pvt Ltd

EMAIL – [email protected]

MOBILE: +91 7020085827

Website – www.dcdium.com

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