What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary

between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.

Operating System Concepts 1.1

 Computer System Components

1. Hardware – provides basic computing

resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates
the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve
the computing problems of the users
(compilers, database systems, video games,
business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Operating System Concepts 1.2

 Abstract View of System Components

Operating System Concepts 1.3

 Operating System Definitions

 Resource allocator – manages and allocates

resources.
 Control program – controls the execution of
user programs and operations of I/O devices .
 Kernel –
 It is the control module of an operating
system
 It is the part of OS that loads first and
remains in the main memory
 It is responsible for memory
management, process and task
management and disk management

Operating System Concepts 1.4

 Evolution of OS:
Batch Processing:
 In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a set
of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a time.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form of
punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
 The OS was always resident in memory.
 Common Input devices were card readers and tape drives.
 Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.
 Users did not interact directly with the computer systems,
but he prepared a job (comprising of the program, the data,
& some control information).

Operating System Concepts 1.5

 Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

Operating System Concepts 1.6

 Multiprogramming:

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute

number of programs simultaneously by a
single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes
reside in main memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to executes one of
the jobs in the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then
CPU switches from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

1.7
Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figure dipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization

Job 5 •Throughput increases

•CPU is never idle, so
performance increases.

1.8
 Time Sharing Systems:

 Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical

extension of multiprogramming.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the
CPU between them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different
processes, so it is called as “Time sharing
Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing
CPU time between processes.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,

1.9
 Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive
Computing

 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs

that are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU
is allocated to a job only if the job is in
memory).
 A job swapped in and out of memory to the
disk.
 On-line communication between the user and
the system is provided; when the operating
system finishes the execution of one
command, it seeks the next “control
statement” from the user’s keyboard.
 On-line system must be available for users to
access data and code.

Operating System Concepts 1.10

 Desktop Systems

 Personal computers – computer system

dedicated to a single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display
screens, small printers.
 User convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger
operating system’ often individuals have sole
use of computer and do not need advanced
CPU utilization of protection features.
 May run several different types of operating
systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Operating System Concepts 1.11

 Parallel Systems

 Multiprocessor systems with more than on

CPU in close communication.
 Tightly coupled system – processors share
memory and a clock; communication usually
takes place through the shared memory.
 Advantages of parallel system:
 Increased throughput
 Economical
 Increased reliability

Operating System Concepts 1.12

 Parallel Systems (Cont.)

 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

 Each processor runs and identical copy of the
operating system.
 Many processes can run at once without
performance deterioration.
 Most modern operating systems support SMP
 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task;
master processor schedules and allocated work
to slave processors.
 More common in extremely large systems

Operating System Concepts 1.13

 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

Operating System Concepts 1.14

 Distributed Systems

 Distribute the computation among several

physical processors.
 Loosely coupled system – each processor has
its own local memory; processors
communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resources Sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Communications

Operating System Concepts 1.15

 Distributed Systems (cont)

 Requires networking infrastructure.

 Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
 May be either client-server or peer-to-peer
systems.

Operating System Concepts 1.16

 General Structure of Client-Server

Operating System Concepts 1.17

 Real-Time Systems

 Often used as a control device in a dedicated

application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.
 Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
 Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time.

Operating System Concepts 1.18

 Handheld Systems

 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

 Cellular telephones
 Issues:
 Limited memory
 Slow processors
 Small display screens.

Operating System Concepts 1.19

 Evolution of OS (contd..):

Major Technical Operating

Phases Innovations Systems
Tape batching, BKS system (1961)
Batch
First-in, first-out
Processing scheduling.
Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor
Multi- Indivisible operations, (1961),
programming Demand paging, Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry

(Contd…)

1.20
 Evolution of OS (contd..):
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Concurrent Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Programming Parallel programming (1972),
concepts, Secure parallel
14 Boss 2 system
languages
(1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
Computing
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)

1.21
 Operating Systems functions:

 The main functions of operating

systems are:

1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation
6. Accounting
7. protection

1.22
 Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified

as,-

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems

1.23
 Single User Systems:

 Provides a platform for only one user at a

time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top

operating system which run on standalone
systems where no user accounts are required.
 Example: DOS

1.24
 Multi-User Systems:

 Provides regulated access for a number of

users by maintaining a database of known
users.

 Refers to computer systems that support

two or more simultaneous users.

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user

systems.
 Example: Unix

1.25
 Functions Of Operating System

 Processor management
 Memory management
 Files management
 Managing peripherals
 Protection and Security
 Networking
 Interpreting the commands

Operating System Concepts 1.26

  Management of the processor: the operating system is
responsible for managing allocation of the processor
between the different programmers using a scheduling
algorithm. The type of scheduler is totally dependent on
the operating system, according to the desired
objective.
 Management of the random access memory: the
operating system is responsible for managing the
memory space allocated to each application and, where
relevant, to each user. If there is insufficient physical
memory, the operating system can create a memory
zone on the hard drive, known as "virtual memory". The
virtual memory lets you run applications requiring more
memory than there is available RAM on the system.

Operating System Concepts 1.27

  File management: the operating system manages reading
and writing in the file system and the user and application
file access authorizations. Operating systems have a
variety of native file systems that controls the creation,
deletion, and access of files of data and programs.
 Management of input/output: the operating system allows
unification and control of access of programmes to
material resources via drivers. A device driver is a
specific type of computer software developed to allow
interaction with hardware devices. Typically this
constitutes an interface for communicating with the
device, through the specific computer bus or
communications subsystem that the hardware is
connected to, providing commands to and/or receiving
data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite
interfaces to the operating system and software
applications

Operating System Concepts 1.28

  Protection and Security -the operating system is
responsible for security relating to execution of
programmes by guaranteeing that the resources are
used only by programmes and users with the relevant
authorisations.
 Networking: Most current operating systems are
capable of using the TCP/IP networking protocols. This
means that one system can appear on a network of the
other and share resources such as files, printers, and
scanners.
 Interpreting the commands- The command interpreter
is the basic interface between the computer and user.
Users interact with application programs and computer
hardware through a user interface. Almost all
operating systems today provide a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) in which graphic objects called icons
are used to represent commonly used features.

Operating System Concepts 1.29