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ch03 MIGRATION

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28 views20 pages

ch03 MIGRATION

Uploaded by

张查
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MIGRATION

Chapter 3
What Is Migration?
• Movement
– Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a
short period
• Commuting
• Seasonal movement
• Nomadism
– Periodic movement: Movement away from home
for a longer period.
• Migrant labor
• Transhumance
• Military service
• Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent
International migration:
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of
permanence)
Internal migration:
Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a
degree of permanence)
Why Do People Migrate?
• Forced migration: Movers have no choice
but to relocate
Kinds of Voluntary Migration
• Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of
stages, or steps, toward a final destination.
Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to
settle there
• Chain migration: Further migration to a place
where friends or relatives have already settled
Voluntary Migration

• Migrants weigh push


and pull factors to
decide
– Whether to move
– Where to go
• Distance decay: Many
migrants settle closer
to their old home than
they originally
contemplate
Ravenstein’s Laws (Gravity Model)
1. Every migration flow generates a return or
countermigration.
2. The majority of migrations move a short
distance.
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to
choose big-city destinations.
4. Urban residents are less migratory than
inhabitants of rural areas.
5. Families are less likely to make international
moves than young adults.
Push and Pull Factors
• Legal status
• Economic conditions
• Power relationships
• Political circumstances
• Armed conflict and civil war
• Environmental conditions
• Culture and traditions
• Technological advances
Where Do People Migrate?
• Influences on major global migration flows from
1550–1950
– Exploration
– Colonization
– The Atlantic slave trade
• Impacts
– Places migrants leave
– Places to which migrants go
Major Global Migration Flows
(before 1950)
Regional Migration Flows

Migration to neighboring
countries
 For short term
economic opportunities
 To reconnect with
cultural groups across
borders
 To flee political conflict
or war
Islands of development: Places where
foreign investment, jobs, and
infrastructure are concentrated
Migration for Economic Opportunity

Chinese migration in
late 1800s and
1900s throughout
Southeast Asia to
work in trade,
commerce, and
finance
Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups

• Migration of about
700,000 Jews to then-
Palestine between 1900
and 1948

• Forced migration of
600,000 Palestinian
Arabs after 1948, when
the land was divided
into two states (Israel
and Palestine)
Internal Migration Flows
Guest Workers

Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need,


assuming the workers will go “home” once the
labor need subsides
 Have short term work visas

 Send remittances to home country


Refugees
People who flee across an international boundary because
of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
group, or political opinion
Regions of Dislocation

• Subsaharan Africa
• North Africa and Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Europe
How Do Governments Affect
Migration?

• Immigration laws
• U.S. history
– Little restriction
– Quotas by
nationality
– Selective
immigration
Post–September 11

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