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Chapter 2 Part I EM Wave Nature & Applications Overview

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30 views30 pages

Chapter 2 Part I EM Wave Nature & Applications Overview

Uploaded by

kolocationservices
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Part I
Electromagnetic Waves

conceptual & applications Overview


Content outline
 Waves - Summary
 How do accelerating charges(AC) create both electric
& magnetic fields?
 Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum & their
applications
 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared waves
 Visible light waves
 Ultraviolet waves
 X-rays & Gamma rays 2
Waves - Summary
 Static charges > static electric field, E
 Steady current(DC) > static magnetic field, H
 Static magnet > static magnetic field, H
 Time-varying current (AC) > time varying E(t) & H(t)
that are interdependent > electromagnetic wave
 Time-varying magnet > time varying E(t) & H(t) that
are interdependent > electromagnetic wave
How do accelerating charges(AC) create both
electric & magnetic fields?
 Any accelerating charge is surrounded by an electric field
and a magnetic field.
 When an electric charge vibrates, the electric field around it
changes creating a changing magnetic field.
 A changing magnetic field creates a changing electric field.
 The magnetic and electric fields create each other again and a
gain.
>>>>2D View
How do accelerating charges(AC) create both electric &
magnetic fields?>>>3D view
 The electric and magnetic fields vibrate at right angles to
the direction the wave travels so it is a transverse wave.
 waves are means of transporting energy or information
 EM waves carry radiant energy.
 Some substances absorb EM waves, some reflect them
& others transmit them .
 EM waves travel at speed of light-they can go around the
world 8 times in one second.
 One example of this is a transformer which transfers
electric energy from one circuit to another circuit.
 In the primary coil changing electric current (AC) produces
a changing magnetic field
 Which then creates a changing electric field in the
secondary coil producing an electric current.
 The reverse is also true.
 Waves or Particles?
• Electromagnetic radiation has properties of
waves but also can be thought of as a
stream of particles.
 Example: Light
 Light as a wave: Light behaves as a transverse
wave which we can filter using polarized lenses.
 Light as particles (photons): When directed at a
substance light can knock electrons off of a
substance (Photoelectric effect)
 Electromagnetic Spectrum— name for the range of
electromagnetic waves when placed in order of increasing
frequency.
 As wavelength decreases, frequency increases

ULTRAVIOLET GAMMA
RADIO INFRARED
RAYS RAYS
WAVES RAYS
MICROWAVES VISIBLE LIGHT X-RAYS
Devices detect different frequencies:
 Antennas of a radio detects radio waves.
 These waves must be turned into sound waves
by a radio before you can hear them.
 Each radio station in an area broadcasts at a
different frequency.
(1).Radio waves
 Longest wavelength EM waves
 Uses:
 TV broadcasting
 AM and FM broadcast radio
 Heart rate monitors
 Cell phone communication
 MRI (MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING)
 Uses Short wave radio waves with a magnet to create a map of the
body’s tissues.
Radio Waves
uses the inosphere as reflector
(2).Microwaves
 Uses:
 Microwave ovens
 Bluetooth headsets
 Broadband Wireless Internet
 Radar
 GPS
Microwaves
uses satellites as reflector
Communications Satellites

 Thousands of satellites
orbit Earth.
 A radio or TV station
sends microwave signals
to the satellite which
amplifies the signal and
sends it back to a
different place on Earth.
 Satellite uses dif freq to
send & receive.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
 GPS is a system of 24 satellites, ground monitoring stations and
portable receivers that determine your exact location on Earth.
 GPS receiver measures the time it takes for radio waves to
travel from 4 different satellites to the receiver.
 The system is owned and operated by the US Dept of Defense,
but the microwaves can be used by anyone.
(3). Infrared Waves
 Used daily in remote controls, to read CD-ROMs
 Every objects gives off infrared waves; hotter objects
give off more than cooler ones.
 Satellites can identify types of plants growing in a
region with infrared detectors.
 Uses:
 Nightvision goggles
 Remote controls
 Heat-seeking missiles
Thermogram -- a picture that shows regions of different
temperatures in the body.
Temperatures are calculated by the amount of infrared
radiation given off.
 Heat lamps give off
Therefore people give off
infrared waves.
infrared rays.
Infrared: Pulse oximetry

Heart rate:81 bpm

Blood oxygenation: 99%


(4). Visible Light
 Shorter wavelengths than visible light
 Uses:
 Blacklights
 Security images on money
 Harmful to living things
 Used to sterilize medical equipment
 Too much causes sun burn

 Extremely high exposure can cause skin cancer


Visible: Endoscopy —inserted into body to view
its internal parts
Visible: Endoscopy

This is the
endoscope coming
out of the oesophagus

Parasitic
Worm!
The stomach wall has
relapsed back
into the oesophagus.
This is a hernia.
Visible: Endoscopy with a camera pill
 On the right is an x-ray movie showing a pill which has been swallowed
which contains a camera.
 It passes through the gut, taking a movie which is sent to a receiver outside
the body, shown on the left.
(5). Ultraviolet Waves
Have enough energy to enter skin cells
Uses:
 Helps body make vitamin D for healthy bones
and teeth
 Used to sterilize medical supplies & equip
 Detectives use fluorescent powder (absorbs UV
& glows) to find fingerprints.
(6). X Rays

 Uses:
 Medical imaging
 Airport security
 used in radiation therapy to kill diseased cells.
 Used by engineers to check for tiny cracks in
structures-The rays pass through the cracks
and the cracks appear dark on film.
X-rays: Computed tomography image (CT scan)

Second
metatarsal bone
X-rays: Radiotherapy
X-ray CT scan of chest shows lungs, heart and tumour (red)
X-rays: Radiotherapy
 X-rays can damage the DNA in cells and kill them
 This is why radiation can be dangerous
 But cells which are dividing rapidly are more likely to be killed
 So we use x-rays to kill the rapidly-dividing cancer cells
 We must still ensure that healthy tissue is undamaged
(7). Gamma Rays
 Smallest wavelengths, highest energy EM waves
 Exploding nuclear weapons emit gamma rays
 Uses
 Sterilizes
medical equipment
 Cancer treatment to kill cancer cells
 Kills nearly all living cells.

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