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Integrals

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Suyash
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18 views

Integrals

Uploaded by

Suyash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Integrals

Mathematics

Suyash Bansal
Introduction to Integration

Definition: Integration is the process of finding Purpose: To calculate areas under curves,
the integral of a function, which is the inverse accumulated quantities, and solve differential
operation of differentiation. equations.
Indefinite Integrals

Definition: An indefinite Notation: ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C Example: ∫ x^2 dx = (x^3/3)


integral represents a family +C
of functions whose
derivative is the integrand.
Basic Integration Formulas

∫ xn dx = (xn+1)/(n+1) + C, n ≠ -1

∫ ex dx = ex + C

∫ sin(x) dx = -cos(x) + C

∫ cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C
Properties of Indefinite Integrals

Linearity: ∫ [af(x) + bg(x)] Integration by Integration by Parts: ∫ u dv


dx = a∫ f(x) dx + b∫ g(x) dx Substitution: ∫ f(g(x))g’(x) = uv - ∫ v du
dx = ∫ f(u) du
Definite Integrals

Definition: The definite


integral of a function over Example: ∫[1 to 2] x^2 dx =
an interval [a, b] is the net Notation: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx [x^3/3] from 1 to 2 = (8/3)
area between the function - (1/3) = 7/3
and the x-axis.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part 1: If F is an antiderivative of f on [a, b], then ∫[a to b] f(x)


dx = F(b) - F(a).

Part 2: If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined


by g(x) = ∫[a to x] f(t) dt is differentiable and g’(x) = f(x).
Techniques of Integration

01 02 03 04
Substitution: Simplify By Parts: Apply the Partial Fractions: Trigonometric Integrals:
the integrand by formula ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v Decompose rational Integrate functions
changing variables. du. functions into simpler involving trigonometric
fractions. functions using
identities.
Applications of Integration

Area Under Curves: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx gives the area under f(x)
from a to b.

Volume of Solids: Using methods like the disk/washer


method and the shell method.

Solving Differential Equations: Finding general and particular


solutions.
Example Problems

Problem 1: Evaluate ∫ (2x^3 - 3x^2 + 4x - 5) dx.

• Solution: ∫ 2x^3 dx - ∫ 3x^2 dx + ∫ 4x dx - ∫ 5 dx = (2x^4/4) -


(3x^3/3) + (4x^2/2) - 5x + C

Problem 2: Evaluate ∫[0 to π] sin(x) dx.

• Solution: [-cos(x)] from 0 to π = (-cos(π)) - (-cos(0)) = 1 + 1 = 2


Practice Questions

∫ (3x^2 - 4x + 1) dx

∫ e^(2x) dx

∫[1 to 3] (x^2 + 2x + 1) dx

∫ sec^2(x) dx
Summary

Reviewed concepts of indefinite and definite integrals.

Discussed fundamental theorem of calculus.

Explored techniques of integration.

Solved example problems and practice questions.


References

NCERT Class 12th Additional Calculus Online Resources and


Mathematics Textbook Reference Books Educational Videos
Thank You

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