GROUP 2

WELCOME TO GEOMETRIA!!!

GEOMETRIC DESIGNS
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED

GEOMETRICAL
01 SHAPES 02 GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMATIONS

Analyze and recognize fundamental Analyze and recognize the four

plane and solid geometrical shapes. geometric transformations.

03 PATTERNS AND
DIAGRAMS 04 TESSELLATION
Analyze and recognize symmetries Analyze and recognize tessellation
along with the Rosette and Frieze patterns.
patterns.
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED

05 MINDANAO DESIGNS,
ARTS AND CULTURE
Analyze and recognize geometric
patterns among Mindanao designs,
arts and culture.
LET’S G
 GEOMETRY
Geometry is the branch of
mathematics that deals with
shapes, angles, dimensions and
sizes of a variety of things we see
in everyday life. Geometry is
derived from Ancient Greek
words – 'Geo' means 'Earth' and
'metron' means 'measurement'.
01
RECOGNIZING &
ANALYZING GEOMETRIC
SHAPES
GEOMETRIC SHAPES
• In Mathematics, Geometric shapes are the figures which
demonstrate the shape of the objects we see in our
everyday life. In geometry, shapes are the forms of
objects which have boundary lines, angles and surfaces.
There are different types of two-dimensional and three-
dimensional figures.
POLYGON

A polygon is a closed shape with straight sides.

The word “polygon” means “many-angled,” from Greek. To
be a polygon, a flat, closed shape must use only line
segments to create its sides. So a circle or any shape that
has a curve is not a polygon.
• Polygons can be regular or irregular. They can be
simple or complex, convex or concave.
Each polygon presents an equal number of sides, vertices, and angles (internal and external).

Vertices and sides of a polygon.

Each polygon presents an equal number of sides, vertices, and angles (internal and external).

The formula for calculating the size of an interior angle is: interior
angle of a polygon = sum of interior angles ÷ number of sides. The
sum of exterior angles of a polygon is 360°. The formula for
calculating the size of an exterior angle is: exterior angle of a
polygon = 360 ÷ number of sides.
SOLID
Is the geometry of three-dimensional space, the kind of space we live in.
• There are two main types of solids, “Polyhedra or Polyhedron”, and “Non-Polyhedra
or Non-Polyhedron”
PLATONIC SOLIDS
• Platonic solid is a convex polyhedron whose faces are all congruent convex regular polygons.
 Euler’s Formula
Euler’s Formula or the “Polyhedral Formula”
● When we count the number of faces (the flat surfaces), vertices (corner
points), and edges of a polyhedron we discover an interesting thing: The
number of faces plus the number of vertices minus the number of edges
equals 2

This can be written as:

F+V−E=2

Where F is the number of faces, V is the number of vertices, and E is the

number of edges.
 PRISM
• A prism is a solid object with: identical ends,flat faces, and the same cross
section all along its length.
Regular Prism
Irregular Prism
 PYRAMID
A pyramid is made by connecting a base to an apex.
• The base is a polygon (flat with straight edges) and all other faces are triangles.
• NOTE: No curves!
 TYPES OF POLYHEDRON
• Polyhedra are mainly divided into two types based on the polygonal faces and the base,
regular polyhedrons and irregular polyhedrons.
• Platonic solids are regular polygons. Prisms and pyramids are irregular polyhedrons.
 REGULAR
POLYHEDRO
N
Regular polyhedrons are made
up of regular polygons. They are
also known as “Platonic solids.”
They have all their faces, edges,
and angles congruent.
 IRREGULAR
POLYHEDRO
N
An irregular polyhedron has
polygonal faces that are not
congruent to each other. It is
made up of polygons having
different shapes. So, all its
components are not the same.
 CONVEX
POLYHEDRO
N
A convex polyhedron is similar to
a convex polygon. If a line
segment that joins any two points
on the surface lies inside the
polyhedron, then it is known as a
convex polyhedron. All platonic
solids are convex.
 CONCAVE
POLYHEDRO
N
A concave polyhedron is similar
to a concave polygon. If a line
segment that joins any two points
on the surface lies outside the
polyhedron, it is known as a
concave polyhedron.
 NON- POLYHEDRON
• Is a space figure that has at least one face or component that is not a polygon. In
geometry, three types of non-polyhedra that are commonly studied are cylinders, cones,
torus and spheres.
 CYLINDER CONE
Is a 3d shape that is made Is a 3D shape that is made
up of two flat circular bases up of a circular base that
and a curved surface that tapers to a point.
“wraps” around the bases.

SPHERE TORUS
Is a 3D shape that has a Is a doughnut-shaped
round shape. All points on object such as an O ring. It
the surface of a sphere are is a surface of an object
equidistant from a point formed by revolving a circle
called the center. in three-dimensional space
about an axis that lies in the
same plane as the circle.
 02
GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMATION
 GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION
• In the 19th century, Felix Klein proposed a new perspective on geometry known as
transformational geometry. Most of the proofs in geometry are based on the
transformations of objects. There are four types of transformations possible for a graph
of a function (and translation in math is one of them). They are:

Rotations
Translations
Reflections
Dilation
 TRANSLATION
Moves a shape left or right and/or up or
down. The translated shapes look
exactly the same size as the original
shape, and hence the shapes are
congruent to each other. They just have
been shifted in one or more directions.
Since it is just moving of the shape from
one place to other, there is no change in
the shape.
 ROTATIONS
Rotation means the circular movement of
an object around a centre. It is possible to
rotate different shapes by an angle
around the centre point. Mathematically,
a rotation means a map. All the rotations
around a fixed point that make a group
under a structure are called the rotation
group of a unique space.
 REFLECTION
A reflection is known as a flip. A
reflection is a mirror image of the shape.
An image will reflect through a line,
known as the line of reflection. A figure is
said to reflect the other figure, and then
every point in a figure is equidistant from
each corresponding point in another
figure.
 REFLECTION
The reflected image should have the
same shape and size, but the image
faces in the opposite direction. In
reflection, translation may also occur
because of changes in the position.
Here, the original image is called pre-
image, and its reflection is called the
image.
 If a dilation creates a larger image, then it is
known as enlargement.

DILATION If a dilation creates a smaller image, then it is

known as reduction.

Dilation is a transformation, which is

used to resize the object. Dilation is
used to make the objects larger or
smaller. This transformation produces an
image that is the same as the original
shape. But there is a difference in the
size of the shape. A dilation should
either stretch or shrink the original
shape. This transformation is expressed
by the term “scale factor.”
 03
PATTERNS AND
DESIGNS
 PATTERN
• In math, a pattern is defined as a sequence of repeating objects, shapes or numbers. We
can relate a pattern to any type of event or object. A pattern has a rule that tells us which
objects belong to the pattern and which objects do not belong to the pattern.
 SYMMETRY
• Means that one shape is identical to the other shape when it is moved, rotated, or flipped. If
an object does not have symmetry, we say that the object is asymmetrical.

• States that “symmetry is a mirror image”, i.e., when an image looks identical to the original
image after the shape is being turned or flipped, then it is called symmetry. Symmetricity
exists in patterns. It is a balanced and proportionate similarity found in two halves of an
object, which means one-half is the mirror image of the other half.
 TYPES OF SYMMETRY
Symmetry can be viewed when you flip, turn or slide an object. There are
four types of symmetry that can be observed in various cases.

Translational symmetry
Rotational symmetry
Reflexive symmetry
• Glide symmetry
 REFLECTION
Reflective symmetry, also called mirror
symmetry, is a type of symmetry where
one half of the object reflects the other
half of the object. For example, in
general, human faces are identical on
the left and right sides.
 TRANSLATIONA
L
If an object is moved from one position
to another, with the same orientation in
the forward and backward motion, it is
called translational symmetry. In other
words, translation symmetry is defined
as the sliding of an object about an axis.
For example, the following figure, where
the shape is moved forward and
backward in the same orientation by
keeping the fixed axis, depicts
translational symmetry.
 ROTATIONAL
When an object is rotated in a particular
direction, around a point, then it is known
as rotational symmetry, also known as
radial symmetry. Rotational symmetry
exists when a shape is turned, and the
shape is identical to the origin. The angle
of rotational symmetry is the smallest
angle at which the figure can be rotated to
coincide with itself and the order of
symmetry is how the object coincides with
itself when it is in rotation.
 GLIDE
Glide symmetry is the combination of
both translation and reflection
transformations. A glide reflection is
commutative in nature and the change in
combination’s order does not alter the
output of the glide reflection.
 ROSETTE PATTERN
• A pattern with rosette symmetry is known as a rosette pattern. Rosette patterns have been
used as architectural and sculptural decoration of the new century.
• The cyclic and dihedral symmetry groups are known as rosette symmetry groups.
 CYLIC
Has rotation symmetry only around a
center point. If the rotation has n order,
the group is called Cn.
 DIHEDRAL
Group has rotation symmetry around the
center point with reflection lines through
the center point. If the rotation has n
order, there will be n reflection lines and
the group is called Dn.
 Frieze Pattern
• An infinite strip with a repeating pattern is called a frieze pattern, or sometimes a border pattern
or an infinite strip pattern. The term “frieze” is from architecture, where a frieze refers to a
decorative carving or pattern that runs horizontally just below a roofline or ceiling.
 Frieze Group
Is the set of symmetries of a frieze pattern; that is, geometric
transformations built from rigid motions and reflections that preserve the
pattern.
• This group contains translations and may contain glide reflections,
reflections along the long axis of the strip, reflections along the
narrow axis of the strip, and 180° rotations.
 Frieze Group
• Using the International Union of Crystallography (IUC) notation,
the names of symmetry groups are named that begins with “p”
followed by three characters. The first is “m” if there is a vertical
reflection, and “1” if it has none. The second is “m” if there is a
horizontal reflection; or “g” if there is a glide reflection, otherwise,
use “1”. The third is “2” if there is a 180° rotation, and “1” if there
is none.
• Mathematician John H. Conway also created nicknames for each
frieze group that relate to footsteps.
04
TESSELATION
 TESSELATION
• Defined as a pattern of shapes that covers a plane without any
gaps or overlaps. Tessellation can be found on pavements, patios,
and wallpapers. The tiled surface of flooring and walls is an
example of tessellation where there are no tiles that overlap, and
there are no gaps between shapes. In most cases, tessellations
are formed by repeated pattern; however, some utilize pictures or
designs, which in no way repeat.
 TESSELATION
• Can be used to create art, puzzles, patterns, and designs. Some
famous mathematicians and artists based their work on the
concept of tessellation. One of them was Maurits Cornelis Escher,
a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired
woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints.
• Bruce Bilney is best known for tessellations with Australian
themes and for realistic animal shapes in natural, comfortable
poses.
 Regular Tessellation
• Squares can easily be lined up with each other while the triangles and hexagons involve
translations.

• Vertex point is the point where the shapes come together. The sum of all the angles
of each shape that come together at vertex point is 360. The shapes will overlap if
the sum is greater than 360°; otherwise, there will be gaps if the sum is less than
360.
 Semi Regular Tessellation
• Can be formed using a variety of regular polygons and the arrangement of these polygons
at every vertex is identical.
 REGULAR SEMI REGULAR
TESSELATION TESSELATION

● A regular tessellation is a highly ● A semi-regular tessellation is one

symmetric, edge-to-edge tiling consisting of regular polygons of the
made up of regular polygons, all same length of side, with the same
of the same shape. There are ‘behaviour’ at each vertex. By this
only three regular tessellations: we mean that the polygons appear
those made up of equilateral in the same order (though different
triangles, squares, or regular senses are allowed) at each vertex.
hexagons. All three of these
tilings are isogonal and
monohedral.
REGULAR SEMI REGULAR
TESSELATION TESSELATION
 DEMIREGULAR TESSELATION
● In geometry, the demiregular tilings are a set of
Euclidean tessellations made from 2 or more regular
polygon faces. Different authors have listed different
sets of tilings. A more systematic approach looking at
symmetry orbits are the 2-uniform tilings of which there
are 20.
05
MINDANAO
DESIGNS ARTS
AND CULTURE
 The Philippines has over 7,100 islands and three major
island groups, resulting in different cultural practices, traditions,
and groups. Indigenous tribes have managed to retain their
cultural identity, despite non-recognition and marginalization.
They remain some of the poorest, least privileged, and impeded
members of society due to their location in the mountains, which
was not affected by Spanish or American colonization. There are
two main ethnic groups comprising several upland and lowland
indigenous tribes living within the Philippines: the Igorots and the
Lumad
 Lumad
• is a term being used to denote a group of indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It
is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous".
 Bagobos
• They are a proud people with proto Malayan features and with strong social structures. No
other tribe in Davao is more recognized by their colorful clothing.
 Banwaon
• Banwaon people are an ethnic group in Mindanao, also known as the Adgawanon,
Banuaonon, Banwanon, and Higaonon-Banwaon. They wear intricately woven garments
and ornaments made especially for special ceremonies.
 Bilaan or B’laan
• Are a tribal community of Southern Mindanao, the name of this indigenous group comes
from the words Bla and An, meaning Opponent People. Colorful native costumes woven
from abaca and decorated with embroidery, buttons, beads and heavy brass belts with
numerous tiny bells are worn by the women of the Bilaan, making their approach heard,
even from a far distance.
 Bukidnon
The Bukidnons are one of the traditionalistic ethnic groups in the
southern Philippines. Bukidnon visual art is traditionally expressed in weaving,
crafts, earth painting, beadwork, patchwork and embroidery. For example, the
Bukidnons are identified for their three different kinds of weave – Tinilogas (one
over one), Tigdaruwa (two over two) and Tigtatulo (two over one). They are also
experimental in their application of mat edgings like Sinapay or Insapay, and
Binaling or Igbaling. Usually, traditional Bukidnon clothings are decorated with
geometric shapes like Binitu-on, binabangon, and kinabuka. The Bukidnon
traditional embroidery process is called panulam and the embroidered cloth is
called pinamulaan.
 Dibabawon
• This tribe has its own unique mode of dressing. A Dibabawon dress is called, “Puka”. They
use black cloth with red embroideries for the male's upper dress. The women use red
cloth with ornaments and embroideries of blue thread and patadyong for their skirt.
 Higaonon
• An indigenous tribe in Northern Mindanao, They are true peace-loving people and also
known as weavers of peace. The strive for peace is expressed in their traditional fabric,
the Hinabol. The term Hinabol is a Binukid term for handwoven textile from the south of
the Philippines and comes from the verb habol, which means to weave. This kind of fabric
is used to refer to the woven hemp that is made by the women of the Higaonon and
characterized by the typical colorful stripes in varying thickness, unique patterns and
many creative colors.
 Higaonon
• The Kinatup and the Ginuntiyan are uncommon patterns as they are only woven by the
wives of the Datu. These patterns are considered sacred and the ones that are used for
offerings. The best hinabol fabrics are woven into kamuyot, some sort of backpack or sling
bag that is used to carry their bolos and practiced as offering to their God or as a peace
offering during conflicts with other local tribes.
 Kagan
• Kagan people (also spelled as Kaagan, Kalagan), are the ethnic group of the
southeastern part of the Philippines known as Davao Region. Kagan came from the word
kaag which means to inform, to secure or secrecy. about something happen since they
are living in the river keys and coastal areas of Davao. The other term also is Ka – allagan
which means shining light referring from to the sun.
 Mandaya
• Mandaya people of Davao Oriental are known for their masterful weaving pattern ikat in
abaca. One of their most popular textiles is called dagmayi. It is distinguished from other
any tribal weaving by the intricate figures and patterns depicting the folklores and religion
of the tribe. They are excellent metalsmiths, who can fashion beautiful silver ornaments
and brass items and weapon.
 Mamanwa
• is one of the oldest and still extant tribes in the Philippines. Of Surigaonon and Cebuano;
on the southwest by Butuanon; and on the southeast by Bislig Kamayo.
 Manguangan
• are found in the Cordillera Sugut mountains in Mindanao, scattering up to the great lakes
of Buayan or Maguindanao and in the territory between what is occupied by the Manobo
and the Mandaya in Davao and South Cotabato.
 Manobo
• simply means “people” or “person”; alternate names include Manuvu and Minuvu. The
term may have originated from “Mansuba,” a combination of man (people) and suba
(river).
 Mansaka
• is a combination of man (“first”) and saka (“to ascend”). The Mansaka’s traditional
clothing distinguishes them from other tribes. The cloth and its patterns are handwoven.
Jewelry is an important part of the attire of both genders.
 Matigsalug
• are the Bukidnon groups who are found in the Tigwa-Salug Valley in San Fernando in
Bukidnon province, Philippines. The Matigsalug men wear short tight-fitting tine pants that
are of knee secret and are hem and turbans for the head decorated with beads and fringed
with goat's/horse's hair.
 Subanon
• is a tribe indigenous to the Zamboanga peninsula area. Subanon houses are built along
hillsides and ridges overlooking family fields. The homes are usually rectangular and raised
on stilts with thatched roofs.
• Also spelled as Subanun
 Tagakaolo
• are lumads from Mindanao which, according to the National Commission for Culture and the
Arts, belong to the Kalagan group associated to the Mandaya/Mansaka group.
 Talaandig
• are one of the indigenous groups in the province of Bukidnon, Mindanao Philippines who
has continued to preserve and promote its indigenous customs, beliefs and practices
despite the strong influx of modernization and change.The Talaandig technology includes
blacksmithing, weaving, embroidery, hunting and food gathering. The zigzag patterns on
their dress is symbolic of women being children of the colorful pagpayak bird.
 Tiboli
• a colorful ethnic group that lives in the mountain of Cotabato. T’boli metalwork consists of
bracelets and solid anklets. A recent product of the metalwork tradition is the T’Boli
figurine. T’Boli weaving is another skill that has been raised to the level of art. Their
traditional cloth, the T’nalak is made of krungon (abaca fiber) extracted from the mature
fruit bearing, wild abaca. T’Boli women dress in a long sleeved, tight-fitting, waist length,
collarless blouse which is in plain black, dark or navy blue. Their tubular skirt is ankle
length. For special occasions, the T’Boli woman is dressed in a pin-striped linen skirt.
 Teduray
• Or Terurai
• is one of the major Indigenous Peoples of Southern Philippines. The Tedurays are known
for their distinct and unique culture, beliefs, customs and traditions.
 Badjao
• are a sea-dwelling tribe, often known as the "Sea Nomads". They make their living from
traditional free-diving for fish and pearls.
 Ilanun or Iranun
• are a Moro ethnic group native to Mindanao, Philippines, and the west coast of Sabah.
Most of the Ilanun are engaged in fishing, while the rest raise food crops along with Muslim
and non-Muslim neighbors.
 Jamamapun
• is the native inhabitants of the Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi or Mapun and the Turtle Island
where it is closest to Sabah, Malaysia. The Jamamapun are socially independent, peaceful
and creative people. Some of their principal economic activities are dry-rice agriculture,
copra production, and trading.
 Kalagan
• people are the ethnic group of the southeastern part of the Philippines known as Davao
Region. Their lifestyle and culture are very similar to that of the Magindanaw.
 Maguindanao
• people are part of the wider Moro ethnic group, who constitute the sixth largest Filipino
ethnic group. The Maguindanao costume is often associated with malong is a traditional
"tube skirt", which has over a hundred different configurations. Perfect for traveling, it can
be used as a skirt, dress, shawl, scarf, extra bag, baby carrier, baby hammock, a changing
tent, and so much more. These "Inaul" malongs are made by the Maguindanao of
Mindanao. "Inaul" (also pronounced inol) is a time-honored weaving tradition of the
Maguindanao. Weaving is thought to be a spiritual practice and the highest form of artistic
expression as it requires great technical skills with training starting in early youth. Each
color used in the weaves has a meaning: Red – bravery, Green - peace & tranquility, Black
– dignity, White - sadness, purity & mourning, Orange & Yellow – royalty.
 Molbog
• Also called Melebuganon

• are found in the Balabac island groups in southern Palawan. The livelihood includes
subsistence farming, fishing and occasional barter trading with the Sulu and nearby
Sabah market centers.
 Palawanao
• also known as Palaw’an, is an indigenous ethnic group found in the province of Palawan.
This indigenous group belongs to large Manobo-based linguistic groups of the southern
Philippines.
 Sama
• are a highly variable group with the populations concentrated in Sulu and Tawi-tawi
provinces. Houses are usually built on high stilts over shallow waters in sheltered areas,
with the ubiquitous boats of many kind usually moored alongside. The dead are interred in
cemeteries on land identified by ornately carved wooden markers. (abstract representing
the dead on top of vehicles like the dugong or sea cow).
 Sangil
• are among the 13 Muslim ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines. The Sangils are well
known for their expertise in boat making and helped in uprisings against the Spanish
authorities in other regions of the country.
 Tausug or Suluk
• is the name of an Islamized tribal group in the Sulu archipelago, and is taken from the
words - tau meaning man and sug meaning current.
 Yakan
• are indigenous Muslim tribe native to the tropical island of Basilan in Sulu Archipelago.
Yakan people are recognized for their remarkable Technicolor geometric weaves and
distinctive face decorations used in their traditional ceremonies. Yakan weaving uses bright,
bold, and often contrasting colors in big symmetrical patterns. The inspiration for designs
comes from island living and Islamic sacred geometry.
 06
THE HAT
 THE HAT
• There is a new discovered called “The hat” as it resembles a
fedora, the elusive shape is an “einstein” (from the German “ein
stein,” or “one stone”). That means it can completely cover a
surface without ever creating a repeated pattern.
• It’s really a very simple polygon to describe. It doesn’t have
weird, irrational angles, it’s basically just something you get by
cutting up hexagons.
THE HAT
 THE HAT
• Far from being content with having rewritten math
history, Smith has already discovered a “sequel” to
“The hat.” Called “The turtle,” the new shape is also
an einstein, but it’s made of 10 kites, or sections,
rather than eight, and therefore bigger than “The
hat.”