Unit 4 Presentation
Unit 4 Presentation
CONCEPTS IN BIOENGINEERING
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UNIT 4
Leg Finger
Eye Socket
Foot Ankle
Hand Toe
Transradial Passive
Transfemoral Myoelectric
Tissue
Engineering
Drug
development
Bioprinting
Techniques
• Extrusion
• Droplet
• SLA
• DLP
• Laser
Advantages of 3D bioprinting Disadvantages of 3D bioprinting
A) The general
process of making an
organ model and the
products of each step.
B) The role of 3D
printing in different
methods, including 3D
printing organ model
itself, 3D printing
mold for casting, and
3D printing the
sacrificial material.
Schematic illustrations of different 3D printing technologies. A) Stereolithography (SLA).
B) Digital light processing (DLP). C) Material jetting (e.g., Polyjet printing). D) Material
extrusion (e.g., FDM printing). E) Power bed fusion. F) Binder jetting.
Bioprinting comparison
Biomaterials
Metal based
Polymer based
Ceramic based
Natural
Inorganic glass
Regenerative
Hybrid
Evolution of biomaterials ..
Replacement Regenerative
Tissue Engineering
Stem cells are cells found in most, if not all, multi- cellular
organism. They are characterized by the ability to renew
themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating
into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
Cells
Extra cellular matrix or scafold
Biological active molecules
Examples in tissue
engineering …
Extraction of cells:
Bulk extraction (centrifugation)
Digestion (enzyatic to remove the scafold)
Extraction of free floating cells
1) Molecular Self-Assembly:
Biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry
the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM).
polymers + hydrogel -- assemble on their own as hydrogel scaffold
Merit : superior in vivo toxicology and biocompatibility.
2) Textile technologies:
Preparation of non-woven meshes of different polymers. e.g. non-
woven polyglycolide structures.
Grow different types of cells.
Drawback - difficulties of obtaining high porosity and regular pore
size.
3) Solvent Casting & Particulate Leaching (SCPL):
1. the polymer is dissolved into a suitable organic solvent
(e.g. polylactic acid could be dissolved into dichloromethane),
2. the solution is cast into a mold filled with porogen particles of
inorganic salt like sodium chloride, crystals of saccharose, gelatin
spheres or paraffin spheres. The size of the porogen particles and
the polymer to porogen ratio is directly correlated to the amount of
porosity of the final structure.
3. The solvent is allowed to fully evaporate,
4.the composite structure in the mold is immersed in a bath of a
liquid suitable for dissolving the porogen. Once the porogen has
been fully dissolved a porous structure is obtained.
Merit: does not require the use of a solid porogen like SCPL
Drawbacks -it still requires the use of solvents, pore size is
relatively small and porosity is often irregular)
6) Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS):