0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views53 pages

Unit 4 Presentation

Uploaded by

YASH WANKHEDE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views53 pages

Unit 4 Presentation

Uploaded by

YASH WANKHEDE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 53

Biology for Engineers (BFE)

NEP Complied Syllabus

CONCEPTS IN BIOENGINEERING
----------------------------------------------
UNIT 4

Biomechanics: Mechanical properties of tissues, Prosthesis


and rehabilitation
Bioprinting: 3D printing of biological tissues and organs
Biomaterials: Types, properties and applications
Tissue Engineering: Principle, Components, Scafold
synthesis
Mechanical properties
of organs
Mechanical properties (Youngs' modulus) of various constituents of organic-inorganic hybrid
materials in relation to those of cells, tissue, and organs. Data are based on Kuznetsova et al.
(2007) and Moeendarbary and Harris (2014).
Loads on biological tissues
Schematic
representation of
the biomechanical
properties of the
bone matrix and
the effects of
mechanical stimuli
on the bone matrix
components, Col
and HA, and bone-
related cells, such
as mesenchymal
stem cells,
osteocytes,
osteoblasts,
osteoclasts
Prosthesis Prosthetics
Prosthesis
refers to an artificial device refers to the field of
built to replace a missing research and expertise in
body part. The plural of a designing and building
prosthesis is prostheses. artificial limbs. It can also be
used as an adjective, for
example, prosthetic limbs.

A device designed to replace a missing body part or to make a part


of the bodywork better .. The National Library of Medicine
Missing limbs and joints are commonly replaced by prosthetic
devices

There are many types of prosthetic devices to help people regain


mobility. They fall into four main categories; transradial,
transhumeral, transtibial, and transfemoral. Each serves a different
function depending on what body part is missing.
Prosthetic Prosthetic
Organ Organ
Arm Knee

Leg Finger

Eye Socket

Below knee Ear

Foot Ankle

Hand Toe
Transradial Passive

Transhumoral Body powered

Transtibial Motor powered

Transfemoral Myoelectric

Prosthetic devices Prosthetic working


The rehabilitation process
involves six major areas of Rehabilitation
focus:
1. Preventing, recognizing,
and managing
comorbid illness and
medical complication.
2. Training for maximum
independence.
3. Facilitating maximum
psychosocial coping and
adaptation by patient and
family.
4. Preventing secondary
disability by promoting
community reintegration,
including resumption of
home, family, recreational,
and vocational activities.
5. Enhancing quality of life in
view of residual disability.
6. Preventing recurrent
conditions.
Rehabilitation
PHYSICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC
Increase Physical Enhances your self- Improved enable a person to
Capacity confidence and your Participation return to work, get
Reduces Pain ability to deal Decreased into work or stay in
Strengthens muscles psychologically with dependence work reduce the cost
Improves balance your illness or injury. Improved quality of of nursing,
Reduces risk of falls Provides you with life residential and social
Improves coordinati greater Quicker return to care
on independence – work which can reduce the risk of
Improves flexibility returns you to your reduce financial falls
and joint mobility pre-injury state of concerns and reduce the
Reduces swelling in mental wellbeing. increase social associated costs of
the affected joints participation mental health illness
and muscles Supports return to reduce the costs
Prevents deformities sport or exercise so associated with
and limb problems your health and your diabetic care
Improves gait sense of wellbeing reduce length-of-
Improves posture can benefit – you stay costs
Reduction of also improve your realise the potential
unnecessary general health when of children and
complications you can exercise or young people
play sport to your
Source: original capacities
https://www.physio-
pedia.com/Benefits_o
f_Rehabilitation
3D bioprinting is a technology where bioinks, mixed with
living cells, are printed in 3D to construct natural tissue- Bioprinting
like three-dimensional structures.
Year Scientist/ Finding
Company/

1984 Charles Hull Commercial 3D


printer patent 3D
1988 Robert Klebe Inkjet printer for Bioprinting
printing

Tissue
Engineering

Drug
development
Bioprinting
Techniques

• Extrusion
• Droplet
• SLA
• DLP
• Laser
Advantages of 3D bioprinting Disadvantages of 3D bioprinting

•Allows mimicking the real structure of •Pricing, expensive technology


desired tissue/organ etc. •Complexity
•Possibility to revolutionize future •Maintaining cell environment can be
medical treatment capabilities difficult
•Possible creation of patient-specific •Ethical concerns
and organ-specific treatments •Energy consumption
•Effects of drugs can be examined more
accurately
•Decreases animal testing
•Biocompatibility with human cells and
tissues
•Automating complex processes
•Consistency, less human errors
The difference between organ model and tissue model (e.g., tissue/organ construct. Reproduced with permission.[¹⁵] Copyright 2019, IOP
Publishing), where 3D printing and 3D bioprinting play their respective roles.
Bioprinting
process
Typical process of 3D
printing of organ
models.

A) The general
process of making an
organ model and the
products of each step.

B) The role of 3D
printing in different
methods, including 3D
printing organ model
itself, 3D printing
mold for casting, and
3D printing the
sacrificial material.
Schematic illustrations of different 3D printing technologies. A) Stereolithography (SLA).
B) Digital light processing (DLP). C) Material jetting (e.g., Polyjet printing). D) Material
extrusion (e.g., FDM printing). E) Power bed fusion. F) Binder jetting.
Bioprinting comparison
Biomaterials
Metal based

Polymer based

Ceramic based

Natural

Inorganic glass

Regenerative

Hybrid
Evolution of biomaterials ..
Replacement Regenerative
Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells,


engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical
and physio-chemical factors to improve or replace biological
functions.

Stem cells are cells found in most, if not all, multi- cellular
organism. They are characterized by the ability to renew
themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating
into a diverse range of specialized cell types.

The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are:


embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
Components

 Cells
 Extra cellular matrix or scafold
 Biological active molecules
Examples in tissue
engineering …

• Bioartificial liver device — several research efforts have


produced hepatic assist devices utilizing living hepatocytes.
• Artificial pancreas — research involves using islet cells to
produce and regulate insulin, particularly in cases of diabetes.
• Artificial bladders — Anthony Atala (Wake Forest University)
has successfully implanted artificially grown bladders into seven
out of approximately 20 human test subjects as part of a long-term
experiment.
• Cartilage — lab-grown cartilage tissue used to repair knee
• Doris Taylor's heart in a jar
• Artificial skin from human skin cells embedded in collagen
• Artificial bone marrow
Cells as building blocks:
• Living fibroblasts – skin or chondrocytes – cartilage
• Cell division – extension of telomerase activity (1998)
• Heyflick limit

Extraction of cells:
 Bulk extraction (centrifugation)
 Digestion (enzyatic to remove the scafold)
 Extraction of free floating cells

Collagenase : preferred reagent


• less temperature dependent, and damages fewer cells, but
• takes longer and is a more expensive reagent
Categories of cells: based on the source
 Autogenic
 Allogenic
 Xenogenic
 Syngenic
Extracellular matrix
or scafold …
 Allow cell attachment and migration
 Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
 Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products
 Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the
behaviour of the cell phase
Carbon nanotube
candidate for tissue engineering scaffolds
biocompatible
resistant to biodegradation
Can be functionalized with biomolecules.
However, the possibility of toxicity with
non-biodegradable nano-materials is
not fully understood.
Properties of material …

 High porosity and an adequate pore size


 Biodegradability or desired resorption rate
 Non immunogenecity
 Low concentration
 Structural integrity @ nanolevel
 Injectability
Source of material
for scafold …
Natural or constructed from natural materials
• derivatives of the extracellular matrix – proteic material such
as collagen or fibrin
• polysaccharidic material:chitosan or glycosaminoglycans
(GAG) with cross linking agents (e.g. glutaraldehyde, water
soluble carbodiimide),
• bioresorbable sutures like collagen
Synthetic –
• PuraMatrix, PLA - polylactic acid (polyester) Degrades within
the human body to form lactic acid,
• Polyglycolic acid (PGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL): their
degradation mechanism is similar to that of PLA, but slightly
slower.
Methods for synthesis of
a scafold …

1) Molecular Self-Assembly:
Biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry
the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM).
polymers + hydrogel -- assemble on their own as hydrogel scaffold
Merit : superior in vivo toxicology and biocompatibility.

2) Textile technologies:
Preparation of non-woven meshes of different polymers. e.g. non-
woven polyglycolide structures.
Grow different types of cells.
Drawback - difficulties of obtaining high porosity and regular pore
size.
3) Solvent Casting & Particulate Leaching (SCPL):
1. the polymer is dissolved into a suitable organic solvent
(e.g. polylactic acid could be dissolved into dichloromethane),
2. the solution is cast into a mold filled with porogen particles of
inorganic salt like sodium chloride, crystals of saccharose, gelatin
spheres or paraffin spheres. The size of the porogen particles and
the polymer to porogen ratio is directly correlated to the amount of
porosity of the final structure.
3. The solvent is allowed to fully evaporate,
4.the composite structure in the mold is immersed in a bath of a
liquid suitable for dissolving the porogen. Once the porogen has
been fully dissolved a porous structure is obtained.

Merit: Regular porosity


Drawback - organic solvents may cause damage to the cells
seeded on the scaffold.
4) Gas Foaming:
1.Disc shaped structures made of the desired polymer are prepared
by means of compression molding using a heated mold.
2.The discs are then placed in a chamber where are exposed to high
pressure CO2 for several days.
3.The pressure inside the chamber is gradually restored to
atmospheric levels. During this procedure the pores are formed by
the carbon dioxide molecules that abandon the polymer, resulting
in a sponge like structure.

Merit: No use of solvants


The drawbacks: prohibits use of temperature labile material
& pores do not form an interconnected structure.
5) Emulsification/Freeze-drying:.
1. a synthetic polymer is dissolved into a suitable solvent (e.g.
polylactic acid in dichloromethane),
2. water is added to the polymeric solution
3. the two liquids are mixed in order to obtain an emulsion.
4. the emulsion is cast into a mold
5. quickly frozen by means of immersion into liquid nitrogen.
6. The frozen emulsion is subsequently freeze-dried to remove the
dispersed water and the solvent, thus leaving a solidified, porous
polymeric structure.

Merit: does not require the use of a solid porogen like SCPL
Drawbacks -it still requires the use of solvents, pore size is
relatively small and porosity is often irregular)
6) Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS):

Similar to the emulsifier technique, (this phase separation


procedure requires the use of a solvent with a low melting point
that is easy to sublime. For example, dioxane could be used to
dissolve polylactic acid, then phase separation is induced through
the addition of a small quantity of water: a polymer-rich and a
polymer-poor phase are formed. Following cooling below the
solvent melting point and some days of vacuum-drying to sublime
the solvent a porous scaffold is obtained.) Liquid-liquid phase
separation presents the same drawbacks of emulsification/freeze-
drying.
CAD/CAM Technologies:

Since most of the above described approaches are limited when it


comes to the control of porosity and pore size, computer assisted
design and manufacturing techniques have been introduced to
tissue engineering. First a three-dimensional structure is designed
using CAD software, then the scaffold is realized by using ink-jet
printing of polymer powders or through Fused Deposition
Modeling of a polymer melt.
Problems associated with
tissue engineering …

Mass transport limitations - engineered tissues generally lack an


initial blood supply, thus making it difficult for any implanted cells
to obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients to survive, and/or function
properly.
Solution: Self-assembly may play an important role here, both
from the perspective of encapsulating cells and proteins, as well as
creating scaffolds on the right physical scale for engineered tissue
constructs and cellular ingrowth.

Recent innovative method - ink-jet mechanism to print precise


layers of cells in a matrix of thermoreversable gel. Endothelial
cells, the cells that line blood vessels, have been printed in a set of
stacked rings. When incubated, these fused into a tube.

You might also like