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SQL - Joins - Views

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28 views14 pages

SQL - Joins - Views

Uploaded by

random_integer_2014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DBS211

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)

1
What is a Join?
• Use a join to query data from more than one table

• Prefix the column name with the table name or table alias when the same
column name appears in more than one table

• To join n tables together, you need a minimum of (n-1) join conditions.

2
Cross Join (Cartesian Product)
• All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table
• To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition in a
WHERE clause

SELECT firstname || ' ' || lastname, customername


FROM dbs211_employees, dbs211_customers;

SELECT firstname || ' ' || lastname, customername


FROM dbs211_employees
CROSS JOIN dbs211_customers;

3
Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names
• Use table prefixes or table aliases to qualify column names that are in
multiple tables

• Improve performance by using table prefixes/aliases

• Distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different


tables by using column aliases

4
Inner Join
• Inner Joins are also called simple joins or natural joins
• This type of join involves primary and foreign key
• The SELECT clause specifies the column names from two or more tables to
be retrieved
• The FROM clause specifies the two tables that the database must access
• The WHERE clause specifies how the tables are to be joined
• If joined columns have different data types, an error is returned

5
INNER Join/Natural Joins (cont’d)
• SQL-89 compliant Syntax - Simple Join
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c, dbs211_employees e WHERE c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber;

• SQL-92 compliant Syntax


• Inner Join
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber;
• USING Clause (Join based on the columns specified in Using clause)
SELECT customernumber, customername, checknumber, paymentdate, amount
FROM dbs211_customers JOIN dbs211_payments USING (customernumber);
• Natural (Join based on all the columns that have the same name)
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c NATURAL JOIN dbs211_employees e;
6
LEFT OUTER JOIN (LEFT JOIN)
• A join between two tables that returns the results of the inner join as well as
unmatched rows left tables is a left outer join.
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c
LEFT OUTER JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber;

• Inverse Left Outer Join


• Display Customer Numbers and names for those customers that have no Reps.
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c
LEFT OUTER JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber
WHERE c.salesrepemployeenumber IS NULL;

7
RIGHT OUTER JOIN (RIGHT JOIN)
• A join between two tables that returns the results of the inner join as well as
unmatched rows right tables is a right outer join.
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c
RIGHT OUTER JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber;

• Inverse Right Outer Join


• Display Customer Numbers and names for those customers that have no Reps.
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c
RIGHT OUTER JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber
WHERE c.salesrepemployeenumber IS NULL;

8
FULL OUTER JOIN (FULL JOIN)
• A join between two tables that returns the results of an inner join as well as the
results of a left and right join.
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c
FULL OUTER JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber;

• Inverse FULL Outer Join


• Display Customer Numbers and names, Employee Numbers and names for those customers that have no
Reps and employees that represent no customers.
SELECT customernumber, customername, employeenumber, firstname || ' ' || lastname
FROM dbs211_customers c
FULL OUTER JOIN dbs211_employees e ON c.salesrepemployeenumber = e.employeenumber
WHERE c.salesrepemployeenumber IS NULL;
9
View
• A view is a logical table based on a table or another view
• A view contains no data of its own
• The tables on which a view is based are called base tables
• A view is stored as a SELECT statement in the data dictionary

• Why use Views?


• To restrict data access
• To make complex queries easy
• To present different view of the same data

10
Creating a View
• You embed a subquery within the CREATE VIEW statement
• You can use the OR REPLACE option to change the definition of the view
without dropping and re-creating it.
• You can retrieve data from a view as you would from any table.
• The subquery can contain an ORDER BY clause

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW customerVW AS


SELECT customernumber, customername, city
FROM dbs211_customers c
WHERE LOWER(city) IN ('nyc','las vegas')
ORDER BY customername;

11
Querying a View
• When you query a view, Oracle:
• Retrieves the view definition from the data dictionary
• Checks access privileges for the view base table
• Retrieves the data, or updates the base table

SELECT *
FROM customervw;

• You can query the data dictionary table called USER_VIEWS to see the
name of the view and definition
SELECT *
FROM user_views;

12
Removing a View
• DROP VIEW statement removes the view definition
• Dropping views has no effect on the tables

DROP VIEW customervw;

13
Inline Views
• An inline view is a subquery with an alias name that you can use within a SQL
statement
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT productvendor
FROM dbs211_products)
WHERE ROWNUM <= 10
ORDER BY productvendor;

SELECT customername, b.employeename, b.managername


FROM dbs211_customers a
JOIN (SELECT emp.employeenumber, emp.firstname || ' ' || emp.lastname AS employeename,
mgr.employeenumber AS mgrnumber , mgr.firstname || ' ' || mgr.lastname AS managername
FROM dbs211_employees emp
JOIN dbs211_employees mgr ON mgr.employeenumber = emp.reportsto) b
ON a.salesrepemployeenumber = b.employeenumber; 14

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