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WHAT IS NETWORK
• The joining of two or more computers together is called a

network.
• Wired medium - it can be anything from Twisted Pair
Cable, Coaxial Cable and Fiber Optics Cable.
• Wireless medium = Radio Wave, Bluetooth, Infrared,
Satellite.
CRITERIA FOR A DATA COMMUNICATION
NETWORK
• PERFORMANCE = Performance is the defined as the rate of
transferring error free data. It is measured by the Response Time.
Response Time is the elapsed time between the end of an inquiry and
the beginning of a response. Request a file transfer and start the file
transfer.
• RELIABILITY = Reliability is the measure of how often a network is

useable. MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) is a measure of the
average time a component is expected to operate between failures.
Normally provided by the manufacturer. A network failure can be:
hardware, data carrying medium and Network Operating System.
• SECURITY = Security is the protection of Hardware, Software and Data
from unauthorized access. Restricted physical access to computers,
password protection, limiting user privileges and data encryption are
common security methods. Anti-Virus monitoring programs to defend
against computer viruses are a security measure.
NETWORK DEVICES
• The devices which are used for communication between different hardware’s
used in the computer network are known as network devices. These devices
are also known as physical devices
• Network Hub = hub is used to communicate with various network hosts and
also for data transferring. The transferring of data in a computer network can
be done in the form of packets.
• Switch = Switch is a network device that connects other devices

to Ethernet networks through twisted pair cables. It uses packet
switching technique to receive, store and forward data packets on the network.
The switch maintains a list of network addresses of all the devices connected to
it. a switch is more clever compare with a hub. As the hub is used for data
transferring, whereas a switch is used for filtering & forwarding the data.
• Modem = The full form of the modem is a modulator and a demodulator.
So it modulates as well as demodulates the signal among the computer
and a telephone line because the computer generates digital data whereas
the telephone line generates an analog signal.
• Router = A network router is one kind of network device in a computer
network and it is used for routing traffic from one network to another.
These two networks could be private to a public company network. For
example, here a router is considered as traffic police at the junction, he
directs dissimilar traffic networks to dissimilar directions.
• Bridge = A Bridge in the computer network is used to unite two or more
network segments. The main function of a bridge in network architecture
is to store as well as transmit frames among the various segments. Bridges
use MAC (Media Access Control) hardware for transferring frames.
• Repeater = The operating of a repeater can be done at the physical
layer. The main function of this device is to reproduce the signal on a
similar network before the signal gets weak otherwise damaged. The
significant point to be noted regarding these devices is that they do
not strengthen the signal. Whenever the signal gets weak, then they
reproduce it at the actual strength. A repeater is a two-port device.
TYPES OF NETWORK
• 1. Personal Area Network = PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This
network is restrained to a single person, that is, communication between the computer
devices is centred only to an individual’s work space. PAN offers a network range of 10
meters from a person to the device providing communication.
Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
• 2. Local Area Network (LAN) : LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a
computer network that connects computers together through a common
communication path, contained within a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN
encompasses two or more computers connected over a server. The two important
technologies involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi.
Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college,

office, etc.
• 3. Wide Area Network (WAN) : WAN is a type of computer network that
connects computers over a large geographical distance through a shared
communication path. It is not restrained to a single location but extends over
many locations. WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks that
communicate with each other.
The most common example of WAN is the Internet.
• 4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) :

A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer
network that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared
communication path over a city, town or metropolitan area.
Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, large area
within multiple buildings, etc.
• 12. Home Area Network (HAN) :
Many of the houses might have more than a computer. To interconnect those
computers and with other peripheral devices, a network should be
established similar to the local area network (LAN) within that home. Such a
type of network that allows a user to interconnect multiple computers and
other digital devices within the home is referred to as Home Area Network
(HAN). HAN encourages sharing of resources, files, and programs within the
network. It supports both wired and wireless communication.
HISTORY OF NETWORKING
• The network was discovered in 1960 to 1970, then it was called ARPANET i.e.
Advance Research Project Agency Network.
• The first message on ARPANET was sent on October 29, 1969.

• It was established by the Department of Defense. It was an experimental
network and was developed mainly to test network technology.
• In the beginning, the first computer network was created by connecting the
four host computers of the four main universities of America.
• by which users exchange information.

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WHAT IS NETWORK

• The joining of two or more computers together is called a

• RELIABILITY = Reliability is the measure of how often a network is

• Switch = Switch is a network device that connects other devices

Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college,

• 4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) :

• The first message on ARPANET was sent on October 29, 1969.

• by which users exchange information.

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