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What Is Reverse Osmosis?

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What Is Reverse Osmosis?

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gulfengsolutions
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© © All Rights Reserved
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What is Reverse Osmosis?

Reverse osmosis, also known as hyper filtration, is the


finest filtration known. This process will allow the removal of
particles as small as ions from a solution. Reverse osmosis is
used to purify water and remove salts and other impurities in
order to improve the color, taste or properties of the fluid. The
most common use of reverse osmosis is in purifying water. It
is used to produce water that meets the most demanding
specifications that are currently in place.

Reverse osmosis uses a membrane that is semi-


permeable, allowing the fluid that is being purified to pass
through it, while rejecting the contaminants that remain. Most
reverse osmosis technology uses a process known as cross
flow to allow the membrane to continually clean itself.
The process of reverse osmosis requires a driving force to
push the fluid through the membrane, and the most common
force is pressure from a pump. The higher the pressure, the
larger the driving force. As the concentration of the fluid being
rejected increases, the driving force required continuing
concentrating the fluid increases.

Reverse osmosis is capable of rejecting bacteria, salts,


sugars, proteins, particles, dyes, and other constituents that
have a molecular weight of greater than 150-250 Daltons. The
separation of ions with reverse osmosis is aided by charged
particles. This means that dissolved ions that carry a charge,
such as organics. The larger the charge and the larger the
particle, the more likely it will be rejected.
Understanding Reverse Osmosis Principle
• When a concentrated solution and pure water are separated
by a semi-permeable membrane, naturally occurring osmotic
pressure forces pure water through the membrane, diluting
the salt solution. This is called OSMOSIS.
• This flow of pure water continues until equilibrium is reached
at which stage, there is a difference in the levels of the two
solutions, which is equal to the osmotic pressure. This is
called osmotic equilibrium.
• When a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is
applied to the salt solution, the membrane allows water from
the salt solution to pass into the pure solution, while
rejecting dissolved impurities. Hence this process is
called REVERSE OSMOSIS.
MEMBRANE MATERIALS
Although cellulose acetate was the first material found to reject salt and yet pass
water at a sufficient rate to be practical, there now are variations of that material
used, as well as polyamides used alone and in conjunction with polysulfone to
create the thin film composite membranes.

Membrane comparisons
Cellulosic Thin Film Composite

Effect of Bacteria Some bacterial will attack Very bacterial resistant


pH range 4.0 – 8.5 2.0 – 11.0
Chlorine tolerance Excellent resistance Poor resistance
(200 – 1000 ppm hrs.)
% Rejection 92% Decreases as TDS increases 95% Constant
Nominal TDS dependence

Nitrate rejection 0% - 65% 40% - 90%


Temperature limit 87F (31C) 112F (45C)
Typical RO System

1. Raw water pump 4. Scale Inhibitor Dosing 7. RO Module


2. Pressure Sand Filter 5. Micron Cartridge Filter 8. Brine Reject
3. Acid Dosing 6. High Pressure Pump 9. Permeate
FEED WATER SUPPLY
SOURCE * ANALYSIS
- Surface - Temperature
- Well - Seasonal Variations
- Waste
PRE TREATMENT
SCALE CONTROL * SUSPENDED SOLIDS
- pH adjustment - Colloids
- Anti Scalants - Metal Oxides

Microbiological Control
- Chlorination / De chlorination.
HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS

• Pressure Flow rate


• Efficiency Materials

RO MEMBRANES

Configuration Productivity
Material Salt rejection
Chemical resistance Recovery
DESIGN PARAMETERS AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE

 Feed Water Salinity


 Feed Pressure
 Feed water Temperature
 Permeate Recovery ratio
PRETREATMENT
• Membrane Fouling considerations
Depending on the raw water quality, the pretreatment process may
consists of all or some of the following treatment steps:

• Removal of large particles using a coarse strainer


• Water disinfections with chlorine
• Clarification and hardness reduction using lime treatment
• Media filtration
• Reduction of alkalinity by pH adjustment
• Addition of scale inhibitor
• Reduction of free chlorine using sodium bisulfite or activated carbon
filters
• Water sterilization using Ultra Violet radiation
• Final removal of suspended particles using cartridge filter.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT MEMBRANE LIFE

In order to derive the design performance, both quantity and


quality of permeate, for the maximum period of time; those
factors, which can degrade operation, must be considered.

Degradation can refer to a lower production rate due to


fouling by either INORGANICS, or ORGANICS
(microbiological growth). Or it can refer to poorer quality
water due to irreversible damage to the rejecting surface of
the membrane.
Inorganic Fouling Organic Fouling

• Suspended solids
• Microbiological Fouling
• Bicarbonate Alkalinity
• Oxidation
• Calcium Sulfate
• Hydrolysis
• Iron, Manganese, Silica,
Aluminum and Colloidal • Concentration Polarization

material
APPLICATIONS

Reverse Osmosis can be used for a wide variety of

applications in water and non-water treatment in various

industries. It can be used either alone or in combination with

ion exchange system for treatment of brackish, sea and waste

water. The major application area being potable water.


Make of RO membranes and services
* Make of RO membranes

DOW / Filmtec

Hydranautics/Toray/KOCH

Fluid systems /Advance composites

Membrane replacement, including:1-1/2", 4" & 8" membranes


Options of RO system

* Pretreatment
Automatic multimedia filter

Automatic activated carbon filter

Dosing Pumps

Automatic chemical feeding unit ANTI SCALANT

Cartridge pre-filter
Whole Plant For Bottle Water System
The System Is For Organism Science Proposal
Silica Scaling

BASIC CHEMISTRY
The reactive form is silicon dioxide dissolved in water, creating the compound

Monosilicic acid

(H4SiO4). as shown in Equation 1:

SiO2 + 2H2O Û H4SiO4 Eq. 1

In this form, silica is generally un-ionized at most natural pH levels. At a pH of 8.5,


only 10% of the monosilicic acid is ionized; and as the pH reaches 9 to 10, it still is
only 50% ionized (Equation 2).

PKa = [H3SiO4][H+] = 9-10* Eq. 2


[H4SiO4]

*Concentration dependent
Monosilicic acid structure.
Silicate also plays a role in alkalinity measurements since it is
titratable with acid through the reaction seen in Equation 3:

H3SiO4- + H+  H4SiO4 Eq. 3


TABLE: B
Reactive Silica

Sample (as SiO)


Filtered feed water 23.7 mg/L
RO concentrate 93.0 mg/L
Average concentration 58.3 mg/L.
CA RO permeate 7.4 mg/L
Passage 12.7%
PA RO permeate 0.2 mg/L
Passage 0.3%
GLOSSARY OF RO & UF TERMS
Air Gap – A break in the drain path that prevents a reverse flow of water
from the sewer to the water system, whether the driving force is a positive
pressure in the sewer of a negative pressure in the water line.

Angstrom Unit – A unit of wavelength of light equal to one tenth of a


millimicron or one tem millionth of a millimeter.

Bacteria – Unicellular microorganisms which typically reproduce by cell


division. Although usually classified as plants, bacteria contain no
chlorophyll.

Chelating Agent – A chemical compound sometimes fed to water to tie up


undesirable metal ions keep them in solution and eliminate or reduce the
normal effects of the ion.

Coagulant – A material, such as alum, which will form a gelatinous


precipitate in water, and cause the agglomeration of finely divided particles
into larger particles which can then be removed by settling and/or filtration.
GLOSSARY OF RO & UF TERMS (Contd…)

Coagulant aid – A material which is not a coagulant, but which improves


the effectiveness of a coagulant often by forming larger or heavier
particles, speeding the reactions or by permitting reduced coagulant
dosage.

Coagulation – The process in which very small, finely divided solid


particles, often colloidal in nature, are agglomerated into larger particles.

Colloidal matter – Extremely fine suspended matter in water. Colloidal


matter will not settle.

Concentrate – The water that has passed across the membrane and is
being set to drain.

Conductivity – A measure of the capacity for water to conduct electricity;


the units are micromhos per centimeter (micromhos/cm); we use this to
determine the amount of dissolved solids in the water.
GLOSSARY OF RO & UF TERMS (Contd…)

Feed water – The delivered to the system.

Filter area – The effective area through which water approaches the filter
media often expressed in square feet. Also referred to as surface area.

Filtrate – The effluent liquid which has passed through any style filter.

Flux – Gallons per day of permeate passing through each square foot of
membrane surface.

Halogens – a family of element composed of chlorine, iodine, bromine and


fluorine.

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