Programming I (in C++)

Chapter 1:
Introduction

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Outline of Topics

◦ What is computer programming?

◦ Why study programming?
◦ Types of programming languages
◦ Programming paradigms

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1.1. What is Computer Programming?

Recall …
Software Categories (from introductory
courses …)
System Software
◦ Programs written for computer systems
 Compilers, operating systems, …

Application Software
◦ Programs written for computer users
 Word-processors, spreadsheets, & other
application packages

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1.1. What is Computer Programming?
A Layered View of the Computer
Application Programs
Word-Processors, Spreadsheets,
Database Software, IDEs,
etc…
System Software
Compilers, Interpreters,
Preprocessors, etc.
Operating System, Device Drivers
Machine with all its hardware

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1.1. What is Computer Programming?

Operating System (OS)

· Provides several essential services:
◦ Loading & running application programs
◦ Allocating memory & processor time
◦ Providing input & output facilities
◦ Managing files of information

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1.1. What is Computer Programming?

Computer Program:
Series of instructions to a computer to
accomplish a task.
◦ Instructions must be written in a way the
computer can understand.
Programs are written in programming
languages
◦ Pieces of the same program can be written in
different Programming Languages

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1.1. What is Computer Programming?

Programming languages are used to write

programs. E.g. Java, C, C++, …
A Programming Language is
◦ A special purpose and limited language
◦ A set of rules and symbols used to construct
a computer program
◦ A language used to interact with the
computer
Programmer: A person who writes computer
programs.
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1.2. Why study Programming?
Increased capacity to express programming
concepts
Improved background for choosing
appropriate languages
Increased ability to learn new languages
Understanding the significance of
implementation
Increased ability to design new languages
Overall advancement of computing

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
A) Machine languages
 The representation of a computer program which is
actually read and understood by the computer.
◦ A program in machine code consists of a sequence
of machine instructions.
Instructions:
◦ Machine instructions are in binary code
◦ Instructions specify operations and memory cells
involved in the operation.

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages

A) Machine languages
• Use binary code
• Machine-dependent
• Not portable

Example:

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
B) Assembly languages
A symbolic representation of the machine
language of a specific processor.
Is converted to machine code by an assembler.
Usually, each line of assembly code produces one
machine instruction (One-to-one correspondence).
Programming in assembly language is slow

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
B) Assembly languages
Error-prone but is more efficient in terms of
hardware performance.
Mnemonic representation of the instructions and
data

Example:
Load Price
Add Tax
Store Cost

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
B) Assembly languages
Use mnemonics
Machine-dependent
Not usually portable

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
A programming language which use
statements consisting of English-like keywords
such as "FOR", "PRINT" or “IF“, ... etc.
Each statement corresponds to several
machine language instructions (one-to-many
correspondence).
Much easier to program than in assembly
language.

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
Data are referenced using descriptive names
Operations can be described using familiar
symbols
Example:
Cost := Price + Tax

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
 Use mathematical notations (translated via
compilers)
 Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
 Interpreter – Executes high level language
programs without compilation.

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1.3. Types of Programming Languages
Three types of programming languages
C) High-level languages
Uses English-like language
Machine-independent
Portable (but must be compiled for different
platforms)

Examples:
Pascal, C, C++, Java, Fortran, ..

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1.4. Programming Paradigms

Programming paradigms are the result of

people’s ideas (thoughts!) about how programs
should be constructed.
Major classes of paradigms
A) Imperative (also called Structured or
Procedural) Programming
consists of actions to effect state change, principally
through assignment operations or side effects.
◦ Fortran, Algol, Cobol, PL/I, Pascal, Modula-2, Ada,
C

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1.4. Programming Paradigms

B) Functional Programming
Focuses on function evaluation; avoids
updates, assignment, mutable state, side
effects
Example: LISP, ML, Haskell
C) Object-Oriented Programming
Is based on real world objects that embed
both data and operations.
Example: SmallTalk, C++, Java

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1.4. Programming Paradigms

Which paradigm to choose?

 Depends on the problem and the application

domain at hand …

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1.4. Programming Paradigms
Characteristics of a good Programming Language
A good computer program should have following
characteristics:
 Simplicity: Should be easier to learn and understand.
 Portability: refers to the ability of an application to run on
different platforms (operating systems) with or without
minimal changes.
 Readability: The program should be written in such a way
that it makes other programmers or users to follow the logic
of the program without much effort.
 Efficiency: it utilizes the least amount of memory and
processing time.

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1.4. Programming Paradigms
Characteristics of a good Programming Language
 Structural: If a program is developed structurally, it becomes
more readable, and the testing and documentation process also
gets easier.
 Flexibility: A program should be flexible enough to handle
most of the changes without having to rewrite the entire
program.
 Generality: if a program is developed for a particular task,
then it should also be used for all similar tasks of the same
domain.
 Documentation: A well-documented application is useful for
further modification and change and to other programmers
because even in the absence of the author, they can understand
it.
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CYP:
- What is Programming?
- Why study programming?
- List and describe the types of programming
languages, and their pros and cons.
- List and describe the major programming
paradigms.
- Discuss the various characteristics of a good
programming language.
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Student Resources

Group E-mail: [email protected]

Password: program12345
- Lecture Notes
- Exercises
- Reference materials
- Useful links to the web …

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Next class …
- Algorithms
- Translation to Pseudocode and Flowcharts

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