CERAMICS

1 Maryam Fatima
2 Maryam bibi SUBMITTED TO: MAM ASMA
3 Sawaira
4 Qurat ul ain TABASUM
5 Aroma
6 Nida SUBMITTED BY: GROUP 3 AND 4
7
8
Samavia
Yashfa
COURSE CODE: 240
COURSE TITLE : INDUSTRIAL
1 Haram shafiq CHEMISTRY 1
2 Laraib Saeed
3 Shafaq chugtai
4 Habiba Ilyas
5 Sadia ashraf
6 Amber imtiaz
7 Javeria shaukat
8 Khadijah
CONTENTS
• Ceramics and its properties
• Ceramic technology
• Scope of ceramics
• Raw materials
• Processing ceramics
• Solution-gelation process
• Ceramic compositions
• Applicattions of ceramics
• Superconducting ceramics
WHAT ARE CERAMIC MATERIALS ?
The word “ceramic” comes from the Greek word Keramos means burnt stuff.
Ceramic is an inorganic , hard, chemically inert or brittle, nonmetallic solid
prepared by action of heat and subsequent cooling.
Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or non-crystalline structure.
Ceramics include glass and few materials with amorphous structure.
The two most common chemical bonds for ceramics are covalent and ionic.
Most are thermal and electrical insulators.
Ceramics formed in the range of 1000-2000degree centigrade
 WHAT IS CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY?
• The application of the findings of science and engineering to the production of
useful products from the non-metallic, inorganic earthly materials is called
ceramic technology. Such products are ceramics.

Examples of ceramic materials are pottery, china, cement, roof

tiles, refractory bricks, used in furnaces and the insulators in
spark plugs.
 SCOPE OF CERAMICS
Ceramics are highly resistant to heat , corrosion, and wear, do not readily
deform under stress.
These materials are less dense than the metals used for high temperature
applications.
Some ceramics used in air craft, missiles and spacecraft weigh only 40% as
much as the metal components they replace .

LIMITATION OF CERAMIC AS ENGINEERING MATERIAL:

 Because of their brittle nature
 Whereas a metal component might suffer a dent when struck,
 A ceramic part typically shatters because the bonding prevents the atoms from sliding over
one another.
 Ceramic components are difficult to manufacture free of defects.
 Indeed high fabrication costs.
RAW MATERIALS
• The raw materials for ceramics are divided into following groups :
• A) plastic materials such as clay
• B) fluxes such as feldspar
• C)non-plastics materials such as silica
a) Clay :clay gives the main body to the ceramics.
The advantage of using clay are it is plastic when mixed with water becomes very hard after drying
and finally it becomes irreversibly solids after firing

b) Feldspar: Feldspar is general name given to the group of minerals. Flux materials like feldspar
(Na2OAl2O3.6SiO2) which is easily melting material decreases the melting point of sand or
quartz present in the ceramic body.

c) Silica or quartz: The non-plastic or leading admixture like sand or quartz gives strength to the body.
It is incorporated in ceramic formulation to reduce shrinkage and cracking which is occurs during drying
an firing.
 PROCESSING CERAMICS

 Ceramics parts often develop random , undetected microcraks and voids (hollow spaces)during
processes.these defects are more susceptible to stress than the rest of ceramic thus they are generally the
origin of cracking and fracture.
 To toughen a ceramic –to increase its resistance to fracture scientists produce very uniform particle of
ceramic material that are less than a micro mete in diameter.

 Solution gelation process is an important method of forming extremely fine

particles of uniform size.
STAGES OF SOL-GEL PROCESS

Alkoxide formation:
 A typical sol gel process Hydrolysis: Condensation:
begins with a metal alkoxide.  Introduce water (usually  After hydrolysis, the
Solution Preparation: in controlled amounts) metal hydroxide
 Measure out the appropriate into the solution. The undergoes
amount of titanium alkoxide hydrolysis reaction occurs condensation
precursor (like titanium between the metal reactions, where the
isopropoxide) and ethanol in a alkoxide and water, hydroxide groups
molar ratio corresponding to resulting in the formation condense to form
1:4 (for example, if you're of Titanium hydroxide and oxides.
using 4 moles of ethanol, you alcohol.  The condensation
would need 1 mole of  The reaction can be reaction for titanium
titanium alkoxide). represented as follows for hydroxide can be
 Mix the titanium alkoxide and titanium isopropoxide: represented as:
ethanol thoroughly in a Ti(OCH2CH3)4(soln)+ (OH)3Ti-O-H+ H-O-
container. 4H2O(l) → Ti(OH)4 + Ti(OH)3 →(HO)3Ti-O-
 Ti(s) + 4CH3CH2OH(l) → 4CH3CH2OH Ti(OH)3(s) +H2O
Ti(OCH2CH3)4 (s) +2H2(g)
 CONTI…. Heat Treatment \
sintering :
 To form a ceramic
Drying: product with a
Gel Formation:  After gel formation, complex three
 As condensation gel is heated carefully dimentional shape, the
progresses, a three- at 200degree - finely divide ceramic
dimensional network of 500degree centigrade powder ,possibly
interconnected Titanium all the liquid is mixed with other
oxide particles forms, removed. powders is compacted
The resultant material  The gel then under high pressure
called gel. converted into finely and then sintered at
 Gel is a suspension of divided metal oxide high temperature.
extremely small powder with particles Calcination typically
particles with the in the range of 0.003- involves heating the
consistency of gelatin. 0.1 micro meter in material to high
diameter. temperatures (often
above 500°C) in a
controlled atmosphere.
HEATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT
SUBSTANCES
SUBSTANCE TEMPERATURE

Alumina 1650 degree centigrade

Zirconium oxide 1700degree centigrade

Silicon carbide 2500 degree centigrade

What is sintering?
 The process in which we heat
substances at high temperature
under pressure so that the
individual particles bond
 Together.
 CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS

What is a composite?
A composite is a material constructed of two or different kinds of materials in separate phases.
Ceramic objects are much tough when they are formed from a complex mixture of two or more materials.
Such a mixture is called composite.

How effective composites are formed ?

By addition of ceramic fibers to a ceramic material
Thus, the ceramic matrix containing embedded fibers of a ceramic material, which may not be the same
chemical composition as the matrix

What are fibers?

By definition a fiber has a length 100 times its diameter. Fibers typically have great strength with respect to
loads applied along the long axis.
When they are embedded in a matrix they strenghthen it by resisting deformatiorsthatexer a stress along its long
axis
 FORMATION OF CERAMIC FIBER (SIC)

Synthesis of polymer
 The first step in the production of silicon carbide fibers is the synthesis of
polydimethylsilane.

Heating of polydimethylsilane
 When heated about 400 degree centigrade it converts to a material that has alternating carbon and
silicon atoms along the chain.

Why fibers heated in nitrogen atmosphere?

 Fibers formed from this polymer heated at 1200 degree centigrade in a nitogen atmosphere to drive off all
hydrogen and all carbon atoms other than those thast directly link the silicon atoms.
 The final product is a ceramic material of compositions SiC in the form of fibers ranging in diameter from
10 to 15 micro meter.
 APPLICATION OF CERAMICS
Ceramics are widely used in the cutting tool industry due to
their exceptional hardness, wear resistance, and thermal
stability. Ceramic tiles have been crucial in the
 Hardness: Ceramics such as alumina (Al2O3), silicon manufacturing of heat shields for
nitride (Si3N4), and silicon carbide (SiC) are extremely space shuttles due to their
hard materials, making them suitable for cutting tools exceptional properties.
used in machining hard metals and alloys. Heat Resistance:
 Ceramics have high melting
points and are capable of
Ceramics play a vital role in the electronic industry, withstanding extreme
particularly in the formation of integrated circuits (ICs). temperatures. Space shuttles
Substrates for Integrated Circuits: encounter intense heat during re-
 Ceramics such as alumina (Al2O3) and aluminum entry into the Earth's atmosphere,
nitride (AlN) are commonly used as substrates for and ceramic tiles act as thermal
integrated circuits. These substrates provide excellent insulators, protecting the
thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and spacecraft from the heat generated
mechanical strength, making them ideal for supporting by friction with the atmosphere.
and connecting the various components of an IC.
SUPER CONDUCTING CERAMICS
WHAT IS SUPERCONDUCTING?
 A superconducting is a material that abruptly
• z losses its resistance to an electric current
when cooled to a definite characteristic Superconducting transition temperature
temperature.  Substances that ehxibit superconductivity do not only
 This means current can flow in a
when cooled below a particular temperature called the
superconductor without heat loss. This superconducting transition temperature( Tc), the
property is called superconductivity. observed values of (Tc) are very low.

Diamagnetism
 In 1986 J.G Bednorz and K.A Muller of IBM
 Another intriguing property of a
discovered superconductivity BOK in a ceramic
superconductor is its diamagnetism.This
oxide containing lanthanum, barium, and copper.
means that the superconductor
This materials represents the first superconducting
completely repels magnetic field lines.
ceramics.
 Soon after researchers had found simila materials
that become superconducting at 125K.
LIQUID NITROGEN IN
SUPERCONDUCTERS
 Superconducters can be operating
using a cheap refrigerants , such
as ,liquid nitrogen.
 Perhaps materials can be found that are
superconducters at room temperature.

 One of the most widely studied ceramic

superconductors is YBa2Cu3O7.in time,
however this new class of ceramic
materials will likely become part of our
everyday lives.