Mathematics QS 025

TOPIC
TOPIC 22 : : INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION

SUBTOPIC :

2.1 Integration of Functions

2.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
2.3 Techniques of integration (Substitution)
Techniques of integration (by parts)
Techniques of integration (Partial fraction)
2.4 Definite Integrals
Definite Integrals (Area)
Definite Integrals (Volume)
2.1
2.1 Integration
Integration

WHO IS THIS?
Over two thousand years ago Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)
found formulae to calculate the surface areas and the volumes
of solids
such as the sphere, the cone, and the parabolic. His method
of integration was remarkably modern considering that he did
not have algebra, the function concept, or even the decimal
representation of numbers.
2.1(a)
2.1(a) Integration
Integration
y = f(x)
If we differentiate both sides with respect to x
dy
 f (x)
dx
When we integrate both sides with respect to x
dy
 dx dx   f ( x)dx
y =  f ( x)dx
(this is known as indefinite integral )

y = f(x) + c , where c is a constant

2.1(a)
2.1(a) Integration
Integration

INTEGRATION

The process of finding antiderivative is called

antidifferentiation or integration.
2.1(a)
2.1(a) Integration
Integration

Definition

A function F is called an antiderivative of a

function f if the derivative of F is f.
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration
Basic Rules of Integration
1)  kdx  x  c , where k is a constant and
c is an arbitrary constant
Example:

 2 dx  2 x  c
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration

Basic Rules of Integration

n 1
x
2)  x n dx   c , n  1
n 1

Example:

2 1 3
2 x x
 dx  2  1  c  3  c
x
 Rules 1 and 2 can be
summarized as

n n
 kx dx  k  dx , n  1
x
n 1
x
k c
n 1
1.1
1.1 (b)Integration
(b)Integration

Basic Rules of Integration

3)
ax  b 
n 1

 ax  b 
n
dx  c
a (n  1)
Example: Find


4
(3 x  2 ) dx
(3 x  2) 5
 c
3 5


3x  2
5
c
15
2.1
2.1 (a)
(a) Integration
Integration

Basic Rules of Integration

4)  [ f(x)  g(x) ] dx   f(x) dx   g(x) dx

Example:
2
 ( x  x )dx  
 x dx  x 2 dx

x 2 x3
  c
2 3
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration

CAUTION

1)  [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

2)  [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx  f ( x)  g ( x)dx

f ( x)  f ( x)dx
3)  dx 
g ( x)  g ( x)dx
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration

Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals :
1
a)  x 3
dx

b)  x dx
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration

Solution
-3  1
1 x
a   x 3 dx 
-3
 dx   3  1  c
x
1
  2
c n  -3
2x
1  1
3
x 2
b   x dx  x
1/2
dx  1 1
 c 
2
x2  c
2 3
2 3  1
 ( x)  c n  2 
3  
1.1(b)
1.1(b) Integration
Integration
Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals.

a)  (3x6 - 2x2 + 7x + 5) dx

 7 
b)   y 3 / 4 - 3 y  4 y  dy

x 5  2x 2 1
c)  x 4
dx

5
d)  dx
2 x  32
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration

Solution
a   3x 6  2 x 2  7 x  5dx

 3 x 6 d x  2  x 2 dx  7  x dx   5 dx

x7 x3 x2
3 2 7  5x  C
7 3 2
1.1(b)
1.1(b) Integration
Integration

 7 
b    y 3 / 4 - 3 y  4 y dy

 7  y 3 / 4 dy   y 1 / 3 dy  4  y 1 / 2 dy

7 y 1 / 4 y 4 / 3 4y 3 / 2
   C
1/ 4 4/ 3 3/ 2
4/3 3/2
3 y 8 y
 28y 1 / 4   C
4 3
1.1(b)
1.1(b) Integration
Integration

x5  2 x 2  1
c   x4
  xdx  2  x 2 dx   x 4 dx

x 2 2 x 3
   C
2 x 3
1.1(b)
1.1(b) Integration
Integration

5
d   2 x  32 dx
  52 x  3 dx
2

 52 x  3  c
1

5
 c
2 x  3
2.1
2.1 (b)
(b) Integration
Integration

Example 3
3
Find the antiderivative F(x) of f(x) = x that satisfies F(1) = 2.
9.1(b)
9.1(b) Integration
Integration

Solution
4/3
3 x
F x    3 x dx   x 1/3 dx  c
4
3
F 1   c  2
4
3 5
c  2 
4 4
3x 3 / 4 5
 Fx   
4 4
2.1(b)
2.1(b) Integration
Integration

Exercises
Find each indefinite integral:
1
x 1 2
x c
1)  2 dx x
x
9 5
x 2 2 1 2
 x ( x  ) dx
3
2) x  x c
2 9 5

3 x 3
2 2
3)  dx 6 x  x c
x 3
1.1(c) The Integration of 1/x and 1/(ax + b)

1
 x dx  ln | x | c
Example :
2 1
a )  dx  2  dx  2 ln | x | c
x x
1 1 1 1
b)  dx   dx  ln | x | c
3x 3 x 3
 The Integration of 1/(ax + b)

1 1
 ax  b dx  a ln | ax  b | c
Example :

5
1)  dx
2x  3
3
2)  dx
3x  1
 Example 1

5
1)  dx
2x  3
5 1
 2 x  3 dx  5 2 x  3 dx
1 
 5 ln | 2 x  3 |  C
2 
5
 ln | 2 x  3 | C
2
Example 2

3
2)  dx
3x  1
3 1
 3x  1 dx  3 3x  1 dx
1 
 3 ln | 3 x  1 |  C
3 
 ln | 3 x  1 | C
 EXERCISES

Find,

 (2  x
2 2
a) ) dx

5 x
b)  2 dx
2x
5
c)  dx
2  3x
 1.1(d) Integral of Exponential Functions

e dx  e c
x x

Example :

x x x
 3e dx  3 e dx  3e  c
 Integral of Exponential
Functions

ax  b 1 ax b
e dx  e c
a
Example :
2x 1 2x
a )  e dx  e  c
2
3 x2 1 3 x2
b)  e dx  e c
3
15 x 1 15 x
c)  e dx  e c
5
 Integral of Exponential
Functions
bx  d
a

bx  d
a dx  c
b ln a
Example : x
x3
a )  3 dx  c
ln 3
3x
3x 2
b)  2 dx  c
3 ln 2
 Exercises:
Find the integral of the exponential functions below,
Answers:
2 3x
 2e
3x
1) dx  e C
3
3 x 1 3 x 2 e 3 x 1
2)  3x  e dx 
2

3
C

3x
 3 dx
x  C
3) ln 3

2 3 x 4 2 3 x
4)  4 dx 
 3 ln 4
C
 2.2 :INTEGRATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

a) Discuss the integrals of cos ax, sin ax, sec 2 ax,

with regard to x
 2
a. To discuss the integrals of cos ax , sin ax , sec ax,
with regard to x .
 Knowing the derivatives of the three trigonometric functions,
we can recognize the following integrals.

d 1
( sin ax ) = a cos ax   cos ax dx = sin ax + c
dx a
d 1
( cos ax ) = -a sin ax  sin ax dx = cos ax + c
dx a
d 1
( tan ax ) = a sec2 ax  sec2 ax dx = tan ax + c
dx a
Explanation
d
[ sin ( 3x ) ] = 3 cos ( 3x  
dx
1
  cos x  dx = sin ( 3x )+c
3
Note : You should not always start with derivative to
get the integration. You should make an effort to
integrate directly.
 Try these Solution
a)  sin 2x dx
 1 cos 2x + c
2
 x
b)  sin  x  dx -3 cos   + c
 3
3
c)  sin ( 3x - 2) dx 1
cos ( 3x - 2 ) + c
3
 Try these Solution

a)  sec2 5x dx 1 tan 5x + c
5
b)  sec2 dx

 2x 
 5tan  2x 
  +c
 5   5 
2


 - x 
c)  sec2 
  x 
 3
 dx -3 tan  3
 +c
Exercise
Solve the following questions.

1.  sin 5 x 4  dx answer:  4 cos 5 x     c

 
5  4 

2.  cos 4 xdx
answer:
sin 2 x
c
2

 
 3 tan 3 x  c
2
9 sec 3 xdx
3. answer:
  cos
2
 sin axdx
2
b. To solve axdx and

-The double angle identity of cosine is useful ;

1  cos 2 x
sin x 
2
and
2
1  cos 2 x
cos x 
2

2
Example

Find each of these integrals:

 3xdx
2
1. sin

 2 cos
2
2 xdx
2.
Solution:

1. sin 2 3 xdx  1 1 - cos6x  dx

2
1 sin 6 x 
 x   c
2 6 

2. 2 cos 2 2 xdx  2  cos 2 2 xdx

1
 2   1  cos 4 x dx
2
sin 4 x
 x c
4
Exercise
Integrate with respect to x

x 1 3 2x
1.  sin 2
dx answer: x  sin c
3 2 4 3
1  answer:
2.
 cos  4  t  dt
2

3. answer:
2  1 
 sin 
2 
x dx