Introduction to

Telecommunications

• Lecture 1

• Paul Flynn

1
The Public Switch Telephone Network
(PSTN)

Composed of the following major network elements:

switches
trunks
lines
station equipment (e.g. telephone sets, MODEMs, FAX machines, …)
transmission equipment (e.g. repeaters, multiplexers, DCS)
network signaling and control (e.g. SS7 and IN)

SS7 & IN

switch switch

PBX

repeater
switch

MODEM PC

2
Telephony Equipment

• Telephone set
• PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
Advanced features and call routing
10s to 100s of telephone sets

• Telephone Exchange

3
Basic Call Progress: On-Hook

Telephone
Exchange

Local Loop Local

2 wires Loop

-48 DC Voltage
DC Open Circuit
No Current Flow

4
Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Exchange
DC Current
Dial Tone

Local Local
Loop Loop

5
Basic Call Progress: Dialing
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit Dialed Digits
Pulses or Exchange
Tones
DC Current

Local
Loop

6
Basic Call Progress: Switching
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Exchange

DC Current Address
to
Port
Local Translation Local
Loop Loop

7
Basic Call Progress: Ringing
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Exchange
Ring Back
Tone DC Open Cct.
DC Current Ringing Tone

Local Local
Loop Loop

8
Basic Call Progress: Talking
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Exchange
Voice Energy Voice Energy
DC Current DC Current

Local Local
Loop Loop

9
Analog Telephony—Signaling

• Supervisory
• Addressing
• Call progress

10
Off-Hook Signaling

• Loop Start (almost all telephones)

Seizure is detected when current flows
through local loop, due to off-hook

11
Analog Telephony—
Supervisory Signaling
• Loop start
Current flow
sensed

Switch Switch

12
Loop Start
Station PBX or Central Office
Loop
(Local or Station)
Switch +
–

DC Current Switch +
–

AC
Ringing Switch +
–

13
 Signaling and Addressing

Dial Pulse DTMF ISDN

Analog Transmission Digital Transmission

“In-Band” Signaling “Out-of-Band”
0–9, *, # (12 Digits) Message-Based
Signaling

14
 Pulse Dialing
Off-Hook Dialing Inter-Digit Next Digit

Make
(Circuit Closed)

Break 700 ms
(Circuit Open)

US:60/40 Break/Make
Pulse Period
(100 ms)

15
Tone Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)

1209 1336 1477 1633

697 1 2 3 A

Timing:
770 4 5 6 B 60 ms Break
40 ms Make
852 7 8 9 C

941 * 0 # D

16
 Network Call Progress Tones

Tone Frequency (Hz) On Time Off Time

Dial 350 + 440 Continuous
Busy 480 + 620 0.5 O.5
Ringback, Normal 440 + 480 2 4
Ringback, PBX 440 + 480 1 3
Congestion (Toll) 480 + 620 0.2 0.3
Reorder (local) 480 + 620 0.3 0.2
Receiver Off-hook 1400 + 2060 + 2450 +2600 0.1 0.1
No Such Number 200 to 400 Continuous, Freq. Mod 1Hz

17
 Voice Channel Bandwidth
Voice Channel

Output Voice Signal

Voltage
or
Energy

Frequency
(K-Hertz)
.2 1 2 3 4

Tone Dialing Systems Control

Signals Signals

18
 Local Access Network
Feeder Route Boundary

Telephone
Exchange

40,000 to Serving
50,000 Lines Area
Boundary

19
Summary

• Analog voice technology dates

back to the 1900’s
• Information exchange based on
voltage, current flow, grounding, etc.

20
Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Exchange Exchange

Analog Loop Digital Network

Exchange
POTS
L.E.

Digital Loop Digital Network

Switch
ISDN

21
 Digital Telephony
Pulse Code Modulation—Nyquist Theorem
Voice Bandwidth =
300 Hz to 3400 Hz

Analog Audio Source Sampling Stage

= Sample
Codec Technique 8 kHz (8,000 Samples/Sec)

22
 Pulse Code Modulation—
Analog to Digital Conversion
A—Law (Europe) Quantizing Noise

100100111011001

Stage 1

µ—Law (USA–Japan) Quantizing Stage

23
 Digital Telephony Summary

• Analog telephony emulation

Voice encoding
Limited signaling
Loop consolidation

24
Voice Coding and Compression

• Speech coding schemes

• Digitizing voice
• Voice compression

25
 Voice Compression
Technologies
Unacceptable Business Toll
Quality Quality
64 *
(Cellular) PCM (G.711)
PCM (G.711)

Bandwidth
(Kbps)

32 *
ADPCM 32 (G.726)
24 *
ADPCM 24 (G.726)
16 * *
ADPCM 16 (G.726) LDCELP 16 (G.728)
8
* *
LPC 4.8 CS-ACELP 8 (G.729)
0
Quality

26
Digitizing Voice: PCM
Waveform Encoding
• Nyquist Theorem: sample at twice the
highest frequency
Voice frequency range: 300-3400 Hz
Sampling frequency = 8000/sec (every 125us)
Bit rate: (2 x 4 Khz) x 8 bits per sample
= 64,000 bits per second (DS-0)

• By far the most commonly used method

CODEC
PCM
= DS-0
64 Kbps

27
Waveform Coders

Quantizing
Encoding
Sampling
Filtering

1110010010010110

Waveform Waveform
ENCODER DECODER

28
Voice Compression
• Objective: reduce bandwidth
consumption
Compression algorithms are optimized for voice
Unlike data compression: these are “loose”

• Drawbacks/tradeoffs
Quantization distortion
Tandem switching degradation
Delay (echo)

29
Digital Speech Interpolation
(DSI)
• Voice Activity Detection (VAD)
• Removal of voice silence
• Examines voice for power, change of power,
frequency and change of frequency
• All factors must indicate voice “fits into the
window” before cells are constructed
• Automatically disabled for fax/modem

30
 Voice Activity Detection

- 31 dbm

B/W Saved
Voice
Activity Hang Timer No Voice
(Power Traffic Sent
Level)
SID Buffer SID
- 54 dbm
Pink Noise

Voice “Spurt” Silence Voice “Spurt”

Time
31
Bandwidth Requirements
Voice Band Traffic
Encoding/ Result
Compression Bit Rate
G.711 PCM 64 kbps (DS0)
A-Law/u-Law

G.726 ADPCM 16, 24, 32, 40 kbps

G.729 CS-ACELP 8 kbps

G.728 LD-CELP 16 kbps

G.723.1 CELP 6.3/5.3 kbps

Variable

32
Voice Quality
Anything Above an MOS of 4.0 Is “Toll” Quality

Compression Method MOS Score Delay

(msec)

64K PCM (G.711) 4.4 0.75

32K ADPCM (G.726) 4.2 1

16K LD-CELP (G.728) 4.2 3–5

8K CS-ACELP (G.729) 4.2 15

8K CS-ACELP (G.729a) 3.6 15

33
Voice Network Transport
• Voice Network Transport is typically TDM
circuit-based:
T1/E1
DS3/E3
SONET (OC3, OC12, etc.)

• But can also be packet-based:

ATM
Frame Relay
IP

34
 Voice Transport and Delay
Cumulative Transmission Path Delay

CB
CB Zone
Zone
Satellite
Satellite Quality
Quality
High
High Quality
Quality Fax
Fax Relay,
Relay, Broadcast
Broadcast

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Time (msec)
Delay Target

35
 The Public Switch Telephone Network
(PSTN)

Composed of the following major network elements :

 switches
 trunks
 lines
 station equipment (e.g. telephone sets, MODEMs, FAX machines, …)
 transmission equipment (e.g. repeaters, multiplexers, DCS)
 network signaling and control (e.g. SS7 and IN)

SS7 & IN

switch switch

PBX

repeater
switch

MODEM PC
36
Structure of the tel. network

Telephone networks
Fiber to the curb
(FTTC)

Telephone networks
 European Numbering Plan
 defines format for dialed numbers in Europe
 As of 1/95
00 + 353 + 71 - 91 - 55363
Station number
Exchange code

Area code (geographic region)

International Country Code

International preliminary code

(N digits are 2-9, X digits are 0-9)

 international calls are initiated by dialing 00, followed

by country and city code (if any)
 phone number shortage crisis – Why?

40
Network Architecture
• ISDN is an access specification
to a network

Common Channel
Signalling Network and
Database

Telco
ISDN PRA Circuit Switched Services Telco
BRA
Switch Switch NT1
PBX
Dedicated Circuit Services

Public Packet
Network

41
Public ISDN and SS7

Signaling
Network
BRI BRI

Switch Transmission Switch

PBX1 PRI PRI PBX2
Network

DSS1 Signaling System 7 DSS1

DSS1 is a Public ISDN Protocol

42
 ISDN and SS7 “The Bridge
Between the Islands”
Voice Transmission
STP
Exchange Exchange
SSP SSP
SCP SS7
Signaling Network
Voice Voice
Transmission STP and
STP ISDN—
Signaling
PRI

STP STP
Exchange PBX1
SSP
STP SCP

43
Convergence

44