USER AND TASK

ANALYSIS FOR USER

INTERFACE DESIGN
LECTURE 5
USER INTERACTION DESIGN CYCLE
DESIGN: TASK ANALYSIS, SCENARIOS,
PROTOTYPING
Key points:
• Interaction Design
• Task Analysis
• Motivation: need to understand the task to be able to design for good interaction
• Define the scope and observe or generate representative interaction exemplars
• Organize/formalize the description
• Confirm validity
• Use at all stages of design process
• Scenarios
Prototyping
UI ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• Three golden rules for UI analysis and design :

– Place the user in control.
– Reduce the user’s memory load.
– Make the interface consistent.
• The overall process for analyzing and designing a user interface begins with the creation of
different models of system function.
• Four different models come into play when a user interface is to be analyzed and designed. –
a user model, – design model, – mental model – implementation model
UI ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (CONTD..)

• • The user model establishes the profile of end users of the system. Users can be categorized
as: (1) Novices, (2) Knowledgeable, intermittent users, (3) Knowledgeable frequent users.
• The user’s mental model (system perception) is the image of the system that end users carry
in their heads.
• The implementation model combines the computer based system coupled with all supporting
information.
• The design model should accommodate the information contained in the user model.
• Most important principle of user interface design: “Know the user, know the tasks.
UI/UX ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• • Analysis and design process : The analysis and design process for user interfaces is
iterative and can be represented using a spiral model.
• Four distinct framework activities :
– (1) interface analysis and modeling,
– (2) interface design,
– (3) interface construction,
– (4) interface validation
UI ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (CONTD..)

• Interface analysis focuses on the profile of the users who will interact with the system.
– A more detailed task analysis is conducted.
– Analysis of the user environment focuses on the physical work environment. Eg. Where will the interface be located physically? Will
the user be sitting, standing, or performing other tasks unrelated to the interface?
• Interface design defines a set of interface objects and actions (and their screen representations) to perform all defined tasks to meet
every usability goal defined for the system.
• Interface construction evaluates usage scenarios by creating prototype. As the iterative design process continues, a user interface tool
kit may be used to
• Interface construction evaluates usage scenarios by creating prototype. As the iterative design process continues, a user interface tool kit
may be used to complete the construction of the interface.
• Interface validation focuses on – User task correctness – task variations – Cover user requirement – Ease of use – Easy to learn – the
users’ acceptance
UI/UX ANALYSIS

• User interface analysis elements include : – (1) User analysis – (2) Task analysis and modeling – (3) Analysis of display content– (4) Analysis of the work
environment
1. User analysis : The goal of the user analysis to understand the users and their use. Understanding the users and their use can be accomplished as follows:
– User Interviews, sales input, marketing input, support input.
– Question to better understand the user of a system. Question to better understand the user of a system. E.g. Are users trained professionals, Are users trained
professionals, technicians, clerical, or manufacturing workers? What level of formal education does the average user have?
• 2. Task Analysis and Modeling : The goal of task analysis is to answer the following questions:
– What work will the user perform in specific circumstances? Use case techniques is used.
– What tasks and subtasks will be performed as the user does the work? Task elaboration is used.
– What specific problem domain objects will the user manipulate as work is performed? Object elaboration.
– What is the sequence of work tasks
—the workflow? Workflow analysis
– What is the hierarchy of tasks? Hierarchical representation is used.
TASK ANALYSIS AND MODELING : TECHNIQUES

• Use case - When used as part of task analysis, the use case is developed to show how an end user performs some specific
work-related task. From use case, it is possible to extract tasks, objects, and the overall flow of the interaction.
• Task elaboration – Elaborate approach assist in understanding the human activities the user interface must
accommodate. Can be done in two ways. First approach is to derive a set of tasks that will accommodate the user model,
design model, and the system perspective. Second use stepwise elaboration to elaborate the major tasks into subtasks.
• Object elaboration – From use case and other information extract the physical objects. These objects can be categorized
into classes. Attributes of each class are defined, and provide a list of operations. As the design is elaborated, the details of
each operation are defined.
• Workflow analysis can be represented effectively with a UML swimlane swimlane diagram (a variation on the activity
diagram).
• Hierarchical representation - The hierarchy is derived by a stepwise elaboration of each task identified for the user.
CREATING A TASK MODEL

 Task decomposition
• decompose the high level tasks and break them down into their constituent subtasks
• at a lower level show the task flows, decision processes and screen layouts
 Show the sequencing of activities by ordering them from left to right
 In order to break down a task, ask ‘how is this task done?’
• If a sub-task is identified at a lower level, it is possible to build up the structure by asking
‘why is this done?’
CREATING A TASK MODEL : STEP-BY-STEP

1. Identify the task to be analyzed

2. Break this down into subtasks
3. Draw the subtasks as a layered diagram ensuring that it is complete
4. Decide upon the level of detail into which to decompose
5. Continue the decomposition process – keep it consistent
6. (alternatively) Present the analysis to someone else who has not been involved in the
decomposition but who knows the tasks well enough to check for consistency
TASK FLOW DIAGRAMS

• Documents the details of specific tasks

• Task flow diagrams will not only show the specific details of current work processes but
may also highlight areas
 where task processes are poorly understood
 where task processes are carried out differently by different staff
 where task processes are inconsistent with the higher level task structure
TASK FLOW DIAGRAMS : WHY?

 Identify problems
 e.g. lack of closure
 Inform re(design)
 Example: ATM
EXAMPLE: WITHDRAWING CASH FROM ATM
RELATION BETWEEN IDEAL TASK AND TASK
REALIZATION
Example
 What are the interaction models for sending a text?
 How do they relate to sending a conventional letter?
WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS TASK MODEL?
COMPARISON: HTC SENSATION AUDIO BEATS
COMPARISON

• Are there many more steps / decisions?

• Are there alternative steps?
• Can you use hidden controls? e.g. when searching for name
TASK MODEL: EXAMPLE

• Draw a task model for

-Registering an student at Bugema using the Bugema(BU) App you are developing
USER INTERFACE; ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS
(CONTD..)
(3) Analysis of display content : Display content can range from reports, graphical
displays or specialized information. During this interface analysis step, the format is
considered.
(4) Analysis of the work environment : The user interface for a computer-based system,
but in others, noise may be a factor, a keyboard or mouse may not be an option. The
interface designer may consider these factors.
UI/UX DESIGN TASK ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

• The definition of interface objects and the actions is an important step in interface design. Interface design, is an
iterative process.
• Target, source, and application objects are identified.
• A source object (e.g., a report icon) is dragged and dropped onto a target object (e.g., a printer icon). The
implication of this action is to create a hard-copy report.
• An application object represents application-specific data that are not directly manipulated as part of screen
interaction.
• When all important objects and actions have been defined (for one design iteration), screen layout is performed.
• Screen layout is an interactive process in which graphical design and placement of icons, definition of descriptive
screen text, specification and titling for windows, and definition of major and minor menu items are conducted.
END OF LECTURE
Blessing follow