Principle of Cloud Computing

(314261)

Week 8

Dr.Hassan Al-Sukhni
 1305211
PRINCIPLES OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
Module Two Part 2

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Copyright of the Course Materials

The course’s materials are adapted from several online and

offline sources.

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Outline

 Learning Objectives

 Virtualization

 Basic Terminologies

 Virtualization architecture

 Characteristics of Virtualization in Cloud Computing

 Virtualization Platforms

 Virtualization Techniques

 Virtualization software

 Pros and Cons of Virtualization

 Summary
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Learning Objectives

After finishing this module, you’ll learn:

 Understand basic terminologies related to virtualization.

 Describe the virtualization architecture.

 Identify the key characteristics of virtualization in cloud computing.

 Compare and contrast different virtualization techniques, and understand the advantages and
disadvantages of each approach.
 Understand the benefits of virtualization, including increased hardware utilization, improved
efficiency and scalability, and enhanced security and isolation.

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VIRTUALIZATION

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Virtualization

 The term “virtualization” was coined in the 1960s to refer to a

virtual machine (sometimes called “pseudo machine”).
 The creation and management of virtual machines (VM) has been
called “platform virtualization”, or “server virtualization”, more
recently.

Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of something, such as a

computer system, operating system, storage device, or network resources. It allows
multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine, enabling more
efficient use of computing resources and better isolation and security between
different applications.
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Virtualization

 Virtualization has many benefits, including reducing hardware and

energy costs, improving efficiency and flexibility, and increasing
reliability and security.
 It is widely used in enterprise IT environments, cloud computing,
and software development and testing.

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History of Virtualization
(from “Modern Operating Systems” 4th Edition, p474 by Tanenbaum and Bos)

1960’s, IBM: CP/CMS control program: a virtual machine operating system for the IBM
System/360 Model 67.
2000, IBM: z-series with 64-bit virtual address spaces and backward compatible with the
System/360
1974: Popek and Golberg from UCLA published “Formal Requirements for Virtualizable Third
Generation Architectures” and listed the conditions a computer architecture should satisfy to
efficiently support virtualization. The popular x86 architecture that originated in the 1970s did
not support these requirements for decades.
1990’s, Stanford researchers, VMware: Researchers developed a new hypervisor and founded
VMware, the biggest virtualization company of today’s. The first virtualization solution was is
1999 for x86.
Today many virtualization solutions: Xen from Cambridge, KVM, Hyper-V, …
IBM was the first to produce and sell virtualization for the mainframe.
But, VMware popularized virtualization for the masses.
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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

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Basic Terminologies

 Virtualization: Virtualization is a broad term that refers to the abstraction of computer

resources. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of computing resources from their
users, the applications, or end users.

 Hypervisor: A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is software that
creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor allows one host computer to support
multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.

 Emulation: Emulation is the use of an application program or device to imitate the behavior of
another program or device.

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Basic Terminologies

 Software virtualization: It is just like a virtualization but able to abstract the software
installation procedure and create virtual software installations. Virtualized software is an
application that will be “installed” into its own self-contained unit.

 Hardware virtualization: Hardware virtualization enables multiple copies of the same or

different operating systems to run in the computer and prevents the OS and its applications in
one VM from interfering with the OS and applications in another VM.

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Basic Terminologies

 Network and Storage Virtualization: In a network, virtualization consolidates multiple

devices into a logical view so they can be managed from a single console. Virtualization also
enables multiple storage devices to be accessed the same way no matter their type or location.

 Containers: Containers are the products of operating system virtualization. They provide a
lightweight virtual environment that groups and isolates a set of processes and resources such
as memory, CPU, disk, etc., from the host and any other containers.

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VIRTUALIZATION ARCHITECTURE

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 Virtualization Architecture

 It shows the guest operating system which has the

capability to invoke VM instances.
 The VM is a software computer that, like a physical
computer, runs an operating system and applications.
 The hypervisor serves as a platform for running virtual
machines and allows for the consolidation of
computing resources.
 Both these layers are supported by the host operating
system layer.

Any discussion of Cloud computing typically begins with

virtualization. Virtualization is means of using computer
resources to imitate other computer resources or whole
computers. It separates resources and services from the
underlying physical delivery environments. 15
CHARACTERISTICS OF
VIRTUALIZATION IN CLOUD
COMPUTING

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Characteristics of Virtualization in Cloud Computing

 Partitioning: In virtualization, many applications and operating systems (OS) are supported in
a single physical system by partitioning (separating) the available resources.
 Isolation: Each VM is isolated from its host physical system and other virtualized machines.
Because of this isolation, if one virtual instance crashes, it does not affect the other VMs.
 Encapsulation: A VM can be represented (and even stored) as a single file, so its identification
is easy, based on the services that it provides. In essence, the encapsulated process could be a
business service.
 Consolidation: Virtualization eliminates the need of a dedicated single system to one
application and hence, multiple OS can run in the same server. Both old and advanced version
of OS may be deployed in the same platform without purchasing additional hardware
 Easier development flexibility: Application developers may able to run and test their
applications and programs in heterogeneous OS environments on the same virtualized
machine.

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Characteristics of Virtualization in Cloud Computing

 Migration and cloning: VM can be moved from one site to another to balance the workload.
As the result of migration, users can access updated hardware as well as make recovery from
hardware failure. Cloned VMs are easy to deploy in the local sites as well as remote sites.

 Stability and security: In a virtualized environment, host OS hosts different types of multiple
guest OS containing multiple applications. Each VM is isolated from each other and they do
not interfere into the other’s work, which in turn helps the security and stability aspect.

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VIRTUALIZATION PLATFORMS

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Virtualization Platform - Xen Virtualization

 Xen is a hypervisor-based virtualization solution Management

that allows multiple guest operating systems to OS Application Application Application
run on a single physical machine.
 It provides efficient resource allocation and Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS
Xen-aware
isolation between guests, as well as advanced device drivers
features such as live migration and dynamic Xen-aware Xen-aware Xen-aware
device drivers device drivers device drivers
memory management.
 Xen is widely used in enterprise and cloud Xen
computing environments for virtualizing a wide Domain0 control Virtual x86 Virtual physical Virtual block
Virtual network
range of workloads, including Linux, Windows, interface CPU memory devices
and other operating systems.
X86 hardware

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Virtualization Platform - VMware Virtualization

 VMware is a leading provider of hypervisor-based

virtualization solutions for enterprise IT
environments.
 Its flagship product, vSphere, allows multiple
virtual machines to run on a single physical host,
enabling efficient resource utilization and
workload isolation.
 VMware also offers a wide range of advanced
features, such as high availability, disaster
recovery, and automation, to help organizations
optimize their IT infrastructure.

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VIRTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES

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Virtualization Techniques

1. Hypervisor Virtualization
2. Guest OS Virtualization
3. Shared Kernel Virtualization
4. Kernel Level Virtualization

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1. Hypervisor Virtualization

 Hypervisor Virtualization: Also known as

"bare-metal" virtualization, this type of
virtualization involves running a hypervisor
directly on the physical hardware, which then
creates and manages multiple virtual
machines (VMs) on top of it.
 Each VM has its own operating system,
which is completely isolated from other VMs
running on the same physical hardware.
 Examples of hypervisor-based virtualization
include VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V,
and Citrix XenServer

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1. Hypervisor Virtualization
Type 1 and 2 Hypervisors
Type 1 Hypervisor Type 2 Hypervisor

 Taxonomy of VMMs:
1. Type 1 Hypervisor (bare metal, native): supports multiple virtual machines
and runs directly on the hardware (e.g., VMware ESX, Xen)
2. Type 2 Hypervisor (hosted) VM - runs under a host operating system (e.g.,
user-mode Linux)
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2. Guest OS Virtualization

 Guest OS Virtualization: This type of

virtualization involves running multiple
instances of the same operating system
(e.g., Linux or Windows) on a single
physical machine, each in its own
isolated container.
 Each container shares the same
underlying operating system kernel,
libraries, and resources, but is otherwise
completely isolated from other
containers.
 Examples of guest OS virtualization
include Docker, LXC, and OpenVZ.
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3. Shared Kernel Virtualization

 Shared Kernel Virtualization: This type of

virtualization involves running multiple
instances of the same operating system on
a single physical machine, but with each
instance having its own isolated user
space, file system, and network stack.
 The instances all share the same kernel,
which is responsible for managing
hardware resources and providing system
services.
 Examples of shared kernel virtualization
include Linux Containers (LXC),
FreeBSD Jails, and Solaris Zones.

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4. Kernel Level Virtualization

 Kernel Level Virtualization: This type of

virtualization involves running multiple
virtual machines (VMs) on a single
physical machine, but with each VM
sharing the same operating system kernel.
 The VMs are isolated from each other at
the kernel level, but they share the same
file system, user space, and system
libraries.
 Examples of kernel-level virtualization
include FreeBSD bhyve and KVM
(Kernel-based Virtual Machine).

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VIRTUALIZATION SOFTWARE

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Virtualization software - native hypervisors

 Red Hat Virtualization (RHV): enterprise virtualization based on KVM hypervisor.

 Hyper V: creates VMs on x86-64 systems running Windows.
 z/VM: current version of IBM's VM operating systems.
 VMware ESXi: enterprise-class, type-1 hypervisor from VMware.
 Oracle VM Server for x86: server virtualization from Oracle Corporation. Incorporates the
free, open-source Xen. Supports Windows, Linux, and Solaris guests.
 Adeos: Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems is a nanokernel hardware
abstraction layer.
 XtratuM: bare-metal hypervisor for embedded real-time systems. Available for the instruction
sets x86, ARM Cortex-R4F processors, and others.

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Virtualization software - hosted independent hypervisors

 VMware Fusion: software hypervisor developed for Intel-based Macs to run Microsoft
Windows, Linux, NetWare, or Solaris on VMs, along with the OS X OS, based on
paravirtualization, hardware virtualization, and dynamic recompilation;
 PearPC: architecture-independent PowerPC platform emulator for PowerPC operating
systems, including pre-Intel versions of OS X, Darwin, and Linux;
 Oracle VM VirtualBox: free and open-source hypervisor for x86 computers; and
 QEMU (Quick Emulator): free and open-source hosted hypervisor.

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Virtualization software - hosted specialized hypervisors

 coLinux: Cooperative Linux allows Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run
simultaneously;
 MoM: Mac-on-Mac is a port of Mac-on-Linux for Mac OS X;
 Mac-on-Linux: open-source VM for running the classic Mac OS or OS X on PowerPC
computers running Linux;
 bhyve: a type-1 hypervisor included in FreeBSD running FreeBSD 9+, OpenBSD, NetBSD,
Linux and Windows desktop, and Windows Server; and
 L4Linux: a variant of Linux kernel running virtualized on L4 microkernel; L4Linux kernel
runs a service on L4.

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Summary

 Each type of virtualization has its own advantages and disadvantages and is best suited for
different use cases.
 Hypervisor virtualization is generally considered the most secure and flexible type of
virtualization,
 While guest OS virtualization is lightweight and ideal for containerization.
 Shared kernel virtualization is often used for hosting multiple services on a single machine,
 While kernel-level virtualization is used for running multiple operating systems on a single
machine.

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