PRESTRESSE

D
CONCRETE
BQS 502 Construction Technology III

Mohd Arif Marhani

A377
0193105479
Centre of Studies for Quantity Surveying
 CONTENT
o Intro to Prestressed
concrete
o Pre-tensioned Prestressed
concrete
o Post-tensioned

Pre- Post-
tensioned tensioned
INTRODUC
TION
o Introduced by a French
engineer – Eugene
Freyssinet in 1928
o A method for overcoming
concrete's natural
weakness in tension
o Concrete with stresses
induced in it before use so
as to counteract stresses
that will be produced by
loads
INTRODU
CTION
Typical stress in
beam
INTRODUCTION Impact of load in
beam
INTRODUCTION Impact of load in
RC beam
 Impact of load in
INTRODUCTION Prestressed RC
beam
INTRODUCTION
o The compressive strength is introduced into a concrete
member before it begins it working life at a position where
tensile stress will develop under working load
o This strength is gained by means of tendons (stressing wires)
incorporated permanently in the member
o It can be used to produce beams, floors or bridges with a
longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced
concrete
INTRODUCTION
(CONT’D)
o The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires,
called tendons, and to anchor them to the concrete; when
they try to regain their initial length, the concrete resists & is
prestressed
o Strand tendons consist of a straight core wire, which is
helically wound around it a further wire in the form of 6 over 1
(7-wire strand) or 9 over 1 (10-wire strand)
o Tendons are usually in the form of high-strength wires,
strands or bar used singly or made up into cables
o The tendons may be stretched with jacks or by electrical
heating
INTRODUCTI TENDONS
ON (CONT’D)
INTRODUCTION
(CONT’D)
o Prestressed concrete is particularly advantageous for beams
o It permits steel to be used at stresses several times larger than
those permitted for reinforcing bars
o Concrete reinforced by either pre-tensioning or post-
tensioning, allowing it to carry a greater load or span, a
greater distance than ordinary reinforced concrete
o Pre-stressing can be accomplished in two ways:
 Pre-tensioned concrete
 Post-tensioned (bonded & un-bonded)
INTRODUCTION
(CONT’D)
o Quality of the concrete used:
 Min. Grade 40 for pre-tensioned
 Min. Grade 30 for post-tensioned
o Steel or tendon should conform to BS 5896
o The wire can be plain round, crimped or indented (2-7mm
diameter)
o Crimped or indented bars will develop a greater bond
strength than plain round bars (4-7mm diameter)
 Prestressed concrete in SMM2
F34 – General Rules PC should be under separate heading from other
concrete work, stating type of prestressing style.
Details of jacking and anchorage must also be
detailed out
F35 – In Situ Concrete Members Similar to other concrete works

F36 – Reinforcement to In Situ Concrete Similar to other concrete works

Members

F37 – Formwork to In Situ Concrete Members Similar to other concrete works, stating additional
works for extra support, temporary restraints,
anchorage pockets and temporary construction
joints
F38 – Precast Concrete Units Similar to other precast concrete works, stating
pre/post tensioning and self supporting or not.

F39 – Ducts, Grooves and Pockets Measurement of ducts and grooves in M and
support. Anchorage pockets and grouting must
also be stated.
F40 – Prestressed Tendons Enumerated, stating length, number or wires, size,
the core and sheathing
PRE-TENSIONED Prestressed
concrete
PRE-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
o Concrete is cast around already tensioned tendons
o Produces a good bond between the tendon & concrete, which
both protects the tendon from corrosion & allows for direct
transfer of tension
o Most pretensioned concrete elements are prefabricated in a
factory & must be transported to the construction site,
which limits their size
o Most suitable for mass manufacturing of precast
components such as slabs, beams, poles, piles, railway
sleepers etc. that involved long line method of casting
 PRE-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE: SEQUENCE
OF
Stage 1
Tendons &
WORK
Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Tendons are stressed Concrete is cast into When the concrete
reinforcement are to about 70% of the beam mould & has cured the
positioned in the their ultimate allowed to cure to stressing force is
beam mould strength the required initial released (with
strength additional 10% of
The tendons are Overstress the ultimate strength) &
anchored at one end tendons by 10% is the tendons anchor
(strong abutment) of common in order to themselves in the
the mould & counteract the concrete
stressed by hydraulic anticipated losses,
jack from the other which will occur due Bond between
end until it reached to creep, shrinkage tendons & concrete:
the required stress & relaxation prevent from
regaining original
lengths & can be
improved: crimped/
indented wires
PRE-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED Sequence of work
CONCRETE
 PRE-
TENSIONE
D
PRESTRES
SED
CONCRET
E
Examples
PRE-TENSIONED Pre-stressing
PRESTRESSED jacks & abutment
CONCRETE
PRE-TENSIONED “Hold Down”
PRESTRESSED Anchor
CONCRETE
PRE-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED Concrete pour
CONCRETE
 PRE-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE:
oAPPLICATIONS
Pre-tensioned elements may be balcony elements, lintels,
floor slabs, beams or foundation piles
o The most effective method is long line production where a
number of similar units are produced at the same time
o Deciding factors in using pre-tensioning:
 Cross-section of member
 Number of units required must be massive
 Suitability of using straight wires
POST-TENSIONED Prestressed
concrete
POST-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
o Post-tensioning method is usually applied where stressing is
to be carried out on site
o The method is more versatile & efficient, resulting in reduced
tension loss (because it is bonded at both ends)
o Commonly used in heavy structures such as bridges, portal
frame, shell roof, reservoir & fly over
 POST-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE: SEQUENCE
OF
Stage 1
WORK
Stage 2
Cable ducts (duct
Stage 3 Stage 4
Concrete is cast into Tendons are Wedges are inserted
tube/Metal the beam mould & threaded through the into the end
sheathing/Flexible allowed to cure to cable ducts & anchorages and the
steel tubing the required initial tensioned to about tensioning force on
/Inflatable rubber strength 70% of their the tendons is
tubes) are positioned ultimate strength released. Grout is
in the beam mould. then pumped into
The ducts are the ducts to protect
usually raised the tendons, to stop
towards the neutral any moisture present
axis at the ends to that will set up
reduce the corrosive action &
eccentricity of the to assist the stress
stressing force distribution
POST-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED Sequence of work
CONCRETE
POST-
TENSION
ED
PRESTRE
SSED
CONCRET
E
Examples
POST-
TENSION
ED
PRESTRE
SSED
CONCRET
E
Examples
POST-TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
o Precast Pre-tensioned Concrete
 Most widely employed pre-cast segment is double tee
 Used for roof slabs & wall panels
 In combination with cast-in-place topping, double tees are
used for floor slab

o Manufacture
 Precast segment are cast in steel forms with tapered legs
 Straight strands are employed for short span while
deflected strands are employed for longer & more heavily
loaded span
 ADVANTAGES VS
DISADVANTAGES OF
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
Advantages Disadvantages
o Pre-stressed members remain o Requires special equipment
free from cracks such as jacks & anchorage
o Full utilisation of high o Requires great deal of
compressive strength of technical knowledge & close
concrete & high tensile supervision
strength of steel thus resulting o High quality control of
in smaller section used for concrete is required
longer span
o Longer life span of members
o Good quality components
can be produced economically
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE VS
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete
o Tensile strength of concrete is assumed to
Prestressed concrete
o Permanent stresses are created - reduce net
be negligible tensile stresses
o RC cracks –only 1/2-1/3 of concrete cross- o Little, if any, cracking. Entire cross-section
section contributes to effectiveness contributes to effectiveness
o Cracking and deflection are typically o A higher level of recovery of cracking and
irrecoverable after reaching these limit deflection due to pre-stressing force
states
o Stiffness is difficult to control o Stiffness can be flexible or rigid by
economically controlling
o Some assistance from longitudinal steel
o No direct assistance from longitudinal o Lighter weight, can accommodate longer
steel spans & more adaptable to pre-casting
o Heavy o Partial testing of steel and concrete by
tensioning loads
o Safe o Less material, but higher cost materials
used. Tend to save on other parts of
o More material structure because PC is lighter
ERECTION OF
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
o Precast segments are typically transported by truck &
erected by a large truck crane with extended outriggers
o Proper procedures & safety practices must be followed in
order to ensure safety & efficient operations
o Pre-stressed Concrete Institute (1995) has published a
manual, Erection Safety for Precast and Pre-stressed Concrete
that includes:
 Pre-planning the erection  Tools
 Site conditions  Unloading
 Cranes  Lifting
 Equipment  Fall protection
 Rigging  Setting/connecting/releasing
 REPAIR &
MAINTENANCE OF
PRE-STRESSED
oCONCRETE
Although pre-stressed concrete structure properly designed &
constructed, have proven highly durable in wide range of
environment, there have been numerous cases where
corrosion has seriously damage both conventional
reinforcing & pre-stressing tendons
o The most prevalent cases are:
 Deck of pre-stressed concrete bridges, to which deicing salts have been
applied during winter
 Decks of parking structures where tires have carried salts from the
adjoining streets
 Piling and the underside of wharf decks of coastal marine structures in
tidal & splash zones
 Un-bonded tendons, wrapped in paper & bitumastic, in area near the
seacoast where chlorides are present in the fog
 REPAIR &
MAINTENANCE OF
PRE-STRESSED
oCONCRETE
Maintenance Program
 Wash down concrete surface on, which salt has been
deposited by spray, accidents or intention
 Treat the surface with silane to render them relatively
impermeable to water that contains chlorides
 Seal static cracks with epoxy injection or coatings
 Seal active cracks with flexible members, such as
polyurethane, which have crack-spanning ability
 Where feasible reduce the relative humidity in
enclosures to below 50%. This is applicable to such
structures as seawater pump room
TUTORIAL 5
o Pre-stressed concrete is used in a wide range of building
& civil structures, where its improved performance can
allow for longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, &
material savings compared with simple reinforced
concrete.
With the aid of sketches, explain in detail the construction
of pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete.