Best Practices for Securing

Active Directory
Dana J. Willis
Security Engineer
NetIQ Corporation
[email protected]
Securing Active Directory Agenda
 Planning
 Creating
− Establish Secure AD Boundaries
− Deploy Secure Domain Controllers
− Establish Secure Domain and DC Policies
− Establish Secure Administrative Practices
− Secure DNS
 Maintaining
− Maintain Secure Domain Controller Operations
− Staying Current with Service Packs and Security Hotfixes
− Monitor the AD Infrastructure
 Best Practices Summary
 AD Security Solutions to Invest In
Active Directory Security Fundamentals
 Forests  Schema NC
 Domains  ACLs
 Trusts  Authentication
 Kerberos  Authorization
 OUs  Replication
 Group policy (GPO’s)  FSMOs
 Configuration NC  Delegation
Planning AD Security
 Considerations upon deployment of AD DC’s
− Datacenter
− Centralized & Secure
− High End Performance
− Branch Offices
− Lack of IT Expertise
− Slow connectivity to rest of organization
Planning AD Security
 Identifying Types of Threats
− Spoofing
− Data Tampering
− Repudiation
− Information Disclosure
− Denial of Service
− Elevation of Privilege
− Social Engineering
 Identifying Sources of Threats
− Anonymous Users
− Authenticated Users
− Service Administrators
− Data Administrators
− Users with Physical Access
Establishing Secure AD Boundaries
 Delegation of Administration
− Needs to be flexible, limited, secure, dynamic and meet
the needs of the organization based upon need for
autonomy and isolation
 Forest/Domain Model
 Establish Secure Trusts
Deploying Secure Domain Controllers
 Establish secure domain controller build practices
− Limit physical access to trusted personnel
− Restricted access area
− Build automated process for installation of DC’s
− SYSPREP, RIS, Unattended Setup
Deploying Secure Domain Controllers
 Ensure predictable, repeatable, and secure domain
controller deployments.
− Create strong administrator password
− 9 characters, non-dictionary, symbols, etc.
− Use TCP/IP only if possible
− Disable non-essential services
− IIS, Messenger, SMTP, Telnet, etc.
− Format partitions with NTFS
− Install latest service packs and security updates
− Prohibit the use of cached credentials when unlocking DC
console
− Install anti-virus scanning software
− Maintain Secure Physical Access to Domain Controllers
Establish Secure Domain and Domain
Controller Policy Settings
 Domain Policies
− Password Policies
− History
− Age
− Length
− Complexity
− Lockout Policy
− Duration
− Threshold
− Reset
Establish Secure Domain and Domain
Controller Policy Settings
 Domain Controller Policies
− User Rights
− Log on locally
− System Shutdown
− Enable Auditing
− Account logon
− Account Management
− Directory Service Access
− Logon events
− Policy changes
− System events
− Event Logging
− Security log size set to 128 MB
− Retention – set to overwrite events as needed
Establishing Secure Administrative Practice
 Secure Service Admin Accounts
− Enterprise Admins
− Schema Admins
− Administrators
− Domain Admins – rename this acct
− Server Operators
− Account Operators
− Backup Operators
 Best Practices
− Rename the administrator account
− Limit the number of service admin accts
− Separate administrator accts from end user accts
− Use delegation solution from 3rd Party
Deploy Secure DNS
 Protecting DNS Servers
− Use Active Directory–integrated DNS zones.
− Implement IPSec between DNS clients and servers
− Protect the DNS cache on domain controllers.
− Monitor network activity.
− Close all unused firewall ports.
 Protecting DNS Data
− Use secure dynamic update.
− Ensure that third-party DNS servers support secure dynamic
update.
− Ensure that only trusted individuals are granted DNS
administrator privileges
− Set ACLs on DNS data.
− Use separate internal and external namespaces.
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Domain Controller and Administrative
Workstation Security
− DC backup and restore.
− Limit backup services and media to secure location.
− Develop a secure remote backup process.
− Ensure backup media is available when needed.
− DC and administrative workstation hardware retirement.
− DC and administrative workstation virus scans
− Obtain regular virus signature updates.
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Stay Current with Security Hotfixes and Service
Packs
− Select a Security Update Strategy
− Select Notification, Deployment, and Auditing Methods
− Microsoft Security Notification Service Newsletter
− Windows Update Service
− Software Update Services
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Deploying Security Hotfixes and Service Packs
− Obtain notification and download most current
− Windows Update and SUS
− Evaluate the threat
− Arrange to install
− Test the updates on Domain Controllers in a test lab
− Distribute and Deploy to production environment
− Windows Update and SUS
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Maintain Baseline Information
− Create a baseline database of Active Directory infrastructure
information.
− Audit Policies
− List of GPO’s and their assignments
− List of Trusts
− List of Domain Controllers, Administrative workstations
− Service Administrators
− Operations Masters (FSMO roles)
− Replication topology
− Database size (.DIT file)
− OS version, Service Packs, Hotfixes, Anti-Virus version
− Detect and verify infrastructure changes
− Update Baseline information
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Monitoring the AD Infrastructure
− Collect information in real time or at specified time
intervals.
− Security Event Logs
− Compare this data with previous data or against a
threshold value.
− Respond to a security alert as directed in your
organization’s practices.
− Summarize security monitoring in one or more regularly
scheduled reports
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Monitoring the AD Infrastructure
− Monitoring Forest-level Changes
− Detect changes in the Active Directory schema.
− Identify when domain controllers are added or
removed.
− Detect changes in replication topology.
− Detect changes in LDAP policies.
− Detect changes in dSHeuristics.
− Detect changes in forest-wide operations master
roles.
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Monitoring Domain-level Changes
− Detect changes in domain-wide operations master roles.
− Detect changes in trusts.
− Detect changes in AdminSDHolder.
− Detect changes in GPOs for the Domain container and
the Domain Controllers OU.
− Detect changes in GPO assignments for the Domain
container and the Domain Controllers OU.
− Detect changes in the membership of the built-in groups.
− Detect changes in the audit policy settings for the
domain.
Maintaining Secure AD Operations
 Monitoring Service Admin and Admin Workstation Changes
− Detect changes in service administrator accounts.
− Detect changes in GPOs for the Service Administrators controlled subtree.
− Detect changes in GPO assignments for the Service Administrators
controlled subtree.
 Monitoring for Disk Space Consumed by Active Directory Objects
− Monitor for an inordinately large number of normal-sized objects.
− Monitor for a limited number of extraordinarily large-sized objects.
 Monitoring Domain Controller Availability
− Monitor domain controllers for active status.
− Monitor domain controllers for restarts.
 Monitoring Changes in Domain Controller Performance Counters
− Detect changes in domain controller system resources.
− Detect changes in LDAP responsiveness.
Maintaining Secure Active Directory Operations

Best Practices Summary

Best Practices
IP Infrastructure
 Virtual Private Network
− Private vice Public
− Firewalls
 IPSec
− Protect DC communications
 DMZ
− Protected private assets
− Intrusion detection system (IDS)
Best Practices
DNS
 Use AD-integrated zones if at all possible
− Secure dynamic updates
− ACLs on resource records
− Improved replication
− Application partitions in WS2K3
 Use forwarders instead of secondaries
− Eliminates text-based zone files
 Treat DNS admins as service admins
 Create a split DNS namespace
Best Practices
DHCP
 Configure so that:
− Client updates A record
− DHCP service updates PTR record
 Don’t run DHCP on a DC
− If necessary, use a service account
Best Practices
Building DCs

 Build DCs in a controlled environment

 Put DIT, SYSVOL, logs on a separate
device
 Create a reserve disk space file
 Enable DNS
 Disable all unnecessary services
− IIS
− DHCP
 Change FS ACLs to Administrator
Best Practices
Physical Security

 Data center
− Access list
− Cleared personnel
− Segregated equipment rack
− Tamper proof cages
 Domain controllers
− Highly restricted
 Cabling
− Concrete harden
Best Practices
DC policies
 Enable auditing
 Disable anonymous connections
 Digitally sign client communications
 Disable cached credentials
 See Best Practice Guide
Best Practices
Domain Policies

 Consider the impact

− Test
− Controlled application
− Part of CCB process
 Password policies
 Account lockout
 Kerberos
Best Practices
FSMO placement

 Implications per role

 Availability
 Survivability
Best Practices
Creating Trusts
 Consider operational security of the other
forest
 Admin membership
 sIDHistory and SID filtering
− Use NETDOM to enable SID filtering
Best Practices
Group Memberships
 Severely limit membership in administrative
groups
 Set ACLs on groups so that only service
admins can modify service admin groups
 Remove everyone from the Schema
Administrators group
− Add someone back in when needed
 Audit changes to service admin groups
Best Practices
Vetting Administrators
 Security clearance
 Appropriate levels of training and expertise
 Organization specific training
− CONOPS (Concept of Operations)
− Policies and procedures
− Implementation guides
Best Practices
AD Configuration Changes

 Formalized change management

− CCB
− Regression testing
− Limited pilot
− Operational implementation
 Schema changes
 DCPROMO
 Replication topology
 Group policies
Best Practices
Monitoring
 Monitor for any unexpected DC outages
− Can indicate an attack
 Monitor for unexpected query loads
− Can indicate a DOS attack
 Monitor for disk space use
− Can indicate a replicating DOS attack
 Monitor for DNS request traffic
− Can indicate a DOS attack on DNS
Best Practices
Service Administration
 Create separate admin and user accounts
 Create a separate service admin OU
 Establish secure admin workstations
− Don’t give admin privileges on workstation
 Use IPSec between admin workstations and
DCs
 Use the “logon locally” policy to limit service
admin logons to specific admin workstations
Best Practices
Data Administration
 Always use NTFS
 Use encryption where appropriate
 Follow MSFT best practices for use of groups
Best Practices
Backup and Restore
 Secure backup handling and storage
 Treat backup admins as service admins
Best Practices
What to do in case of AD Attack
 Response plan
− Have one!
− Notify ACERT or network security for your organization
 Understand the nature and scope of the attack
(know before you go)
− Determine nature and scope of attack
− Evaluate and test common scenarios
− Follow CONOPS for restore
 Recovery
− Have a forest recovery plan (see MSFT whitepaper)
− Authoritative restore issues
AD Security Solutions to Invest In
 Policy Awareness & Compliance
− Formal & well documented policies serve as the foundation of a
security strategy
− Measuring user’s understanding is vital
 Administration & Identity Management
− Securely granting users access to do their job
− Enabling self service
− Knowing who can do what to whom or which resource
 Real-Time Monitoring (HIDS, NIDS, HIPS)
− Reduce exposure time
− Correllation
− Incident Management
 Audit & Vulnerability Assessment
− Continuing the process of baselining your environment and staying
aware of changes
Questions?