Digital System Design

Chapter 1
Digital Concepts
Assoc.Prof. Anan Banharnsakun, Ph.D.
Computer Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering at Sriracha, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus
Outline
Digital and Analog Quantities
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
Basic Logic Operations
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Introduction to Programmable Logic
Test and Measurement Instruments
Objectives
Explain the basic differences between digital and analog
quantities
Show how voltage levels are used to represent digital
quantities
Describe various parameters of a pulse waveform such as
rise time, fall time, pulse width, frequency, period, and duty
cycle
Objectives (Cont.)
Explain the basic logic operations of NOT, AND, and OR
Describe the logic functions of the comparator, adder, code
converter, encoder, decoder, multiplexer, demultiplexer,
counter, and register
Identify fixed-function digital integrated circuits according to
their complexity and the type of circuit packaging
Objectives (Cont.)
Identify pin numbers on integrated circuit packages
Describe the programmable logic, discuss the various
types, and describe how PLDs are programmed
Recognize various instruments and understand how they are
used in measurement and troubleshooting digital circuits and
systems
Digital and Analog Quantities
Digital and Analog Quantities
Analog quantities have continuous values
Digital quantities have discrete sets of values
Most things that can be measured quantitatively occur in
nature in analog form.
Digital and Analog Quantities
For example, the air temperature changes over a continuous
range of values. During a given day, the temperature does
not go from, say, 35° to 37 ° instantaneously; it takes on all
the infinite values in between.
Digital and Analog Quantities
You have effectively converted an analog quantity to a form
that can now be digitized by representing each sampled
value by a digital code.
Digital and Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously.
Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more
efficiently.
Analog Electronic System
A basic audio public address system.
System Using Digital and Analog Methods
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take
advantage of each technology. This example shows how digital data
from the memory card is converted to sound waves.
DAC and ADC
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) changes the digital data
into an analog signal
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) changes an analog signal
into the digital data
Digital and Analog Quantities
Types of electronic devices or instruments:
Analog
Digital
Combination analog and digital
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital
Waveforms
Binary Digits
The conventional numbering system uses ten digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1.
They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0
and HIGH = 1
Logic Level
In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A
bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if
the voltage is HIGH or LOW.
VH(max) maximum HIGH voltage value
VH(min) minimum HIGH voltage value
VL(max) maximum LOW voltage value
VL(min) minimum LOW voltage value
voltage values between VL(max) and VH(min)
are unacceptable for proper operation.
Digital Waveform
Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing
back and forth between the HIGH and LOW levels or states.
The Pulse has two edges: a Rising edge (leading edge) that
occurs first at time t0 and a Falling edge (trailing edge) that
occurs last at time t1.
Digital Waveform
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise
time (tr)10-90%, fall time (tf) 90-10%, amplitude, pulse width
(tw) 50-50% and other characteristics.
Digital Waveform
Waveform Characteristics:
A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a fixed
interval, called a period (T). The frequency (f) is the rate at
which it repeats itself in 1s and is measured in hertz (Hz).
Digital Waveform
Waveform Characteristics:
A nonperiodic pulse waveform does not repeat itself at fixed
intervals and may be composed of pulses of randomly
differing pulse widths and/or randomly differing time intervals
between the pulses.
Digital Waveform
The frequency (f) of a pulse (digital) waveform is the
reciprocal of the period. The relationship between frequency
and period is expressed as follows:
1 1
f  T
T f

T = period of the waveform

f = frequency of the waveform
Digital Waveform
Duty cycle, which is the ratio of the pulse width (tw) to the
period (T). It can be expressed as a percentage.

 tw 
Duty cycle    x100%
T 
Digital Waveform
Example:
Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information
Binary information that is handled by digital systems
appears as waveforms that represent sequences of bits.
Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time interval
called a bit time.
Clock in digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized
with a basic timing waveform called the clock.
Timing Diagram
Timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the
actual time relationship of two or more waveforms and how
each waveform changes in relation to the others.
You can determine the states (HIGH or LOW) of all the
waveforms at any specified point in time and the exact time
that a waveform changes state relative to the other
waveforms.
Timing Diagram
Example of a timing diagram
Data Transfer
Binary data, which are represented by digital waveforms,
must be transferred from one circuit to another within a
digital system or from one system to another in order to
accomplish a given purpose.
Data Transfer
Serial Transfer

Parallel Transfer
Data Transfer
Example
Basic Logic Operations
Basic Logic Operations
There are only three basic logic operations:
 Basic Logic Operations
The NOT operation

When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH

When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW

The output logic level is always

opposite the input logic level.
Basic Logic Operations
The AND operation
When any input is LOW, the output is
LOW
When both inputs are HIGH, the output is
HIGH
Basic Logic Operations
The OR operation
When any input is HIGH, the output is
HIGH
When both inputs are LOW, the output is
LOW
Basic Logic Functions
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
The three basic logic elements AND, OR, and NOT can be
combined to form more complex logic circuits.
Some of the common logic functions are comparison,
arithmetic, code conversion, encoding, decoding, data
selection, storage and counting.
Basic Logic Functions
Comparison function
Arithmetic functions
Code conversion function
Encoding function
Decoding function
Data selection function
Data storage function
Counting function
Comparison function
Compares two binary values and determines whether or not they are
equal
Arithmetic functions
Addition: adds two binary numbers (on inputs A and B with a carry
input Cin ) and generates a sum () and a carry output (Cout)
Arithmetic functions
Subtraction: requires three inputs: the two numbers that are to be
subtracted and a borrow input. The two outputs are the difference and
the borrow output.
Multiplication: numbers are always multiplied two at a time, so two
inputs are required. The output of the multiplier is the product.
Division: two inputs to the divider are required, and the outputs
generated are the quotient and the remainder.
Code conversion function
Converts, or translates, information from one code format to
another
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
Gray Code
Encoding function
Converts non-binary information into a binary code
Decoding function
Converts binary-coded information into a non-binary form
Data selection function
Multiplexer (mux)
Switches digital data from any number of input sources to
a single output line
Demultiplexer (demux)
switches digital data from a single input to any number of
output lines
Data selection function
Basic multiplexing/demultiplexing application.
Data storage function
Retains binary data for a period of time
Storage device can "memorize" a bit or a group of bits and
retain the information as long as necessary.
Common types of storage devices are flip-flops, registers,
semiconductor memories, magnetic disks, magnetic tape
and optical disks (CDs).
Data storage function
Flip-flop is a bistable (two stable states) logic circuit that can
store only one bit at a time, either a 1 or a 0. The output of a
flip-flop indicates which bit it is storing.
Register is formed by combining several flip-flops so that
groups of bits can be stored.
Shift Register shift the bits from one position to another
Serial shift register
Parallel shift register
Data storage function
Serial shift register
Data storage function
Parallel shift register
Data storage function
Semiconductor memories are devices typically used for
storing large numbers of bits.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Random-Access Memory (RAM)

Example of storage devices.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD, SSD)
Compact Disk (VCD, DVD, Blue Ray)
Flash Drive
Counting function
Generates sequences of digital pulse that represent
numbers
Integrated Circuits
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Digital systems have incorporated ICs for many years
because of their small size, high reliability, low cost. and low
power consumption.
IC packages and pin connections
Circuit complexities
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuit (IC) is an electronic circuit that is
constructed entirely on a single small chip of silicon.
 All the components that make up the circuit transistors,
diodes, resistors, and capacitors are an integral part of that
single chip.
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of one type of fixed-function IC package (dual
in-line package) showing the chip mounted inside, with
connections to input and output pins.
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is
wired using DIP chips and tested.

DIP chips
IC packages
IC package styles
Dual in-line package (DIP)
Small-outline IC (SOIC)
Flat pack (FP)
Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
IC Packages
Dual in-line package (DIP)
IC Packages
Small-outline IC (SOIC)
IC Packages
Flat pack (FP)
IC Packages
Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
IC Packages
Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
Programmable Logic
Introduction to Programmable Logic
Introduction to Programmable Logic
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
SPLD—Simple programmable logic devices

CPLD—Complex programmable logic devices

FPGA—Field-programmable gate arrays

Introduction to Programmable Logic
Basic setup for programming a PLD or FPGA
Test and Measurement Instruments
Test and Measurement Instruments
The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope
can be divided into four major groups.
VERTIC AL HO RIZO NTAL TRIG G ER
CH1 CH 2 BO TH SLO PE
Ð +

PO SITIO N PO SITIO N PO SITIO N LEVEL

VO LTS/DIV VO LTS/DIV SEC /DIV SO URC E

CH 1
CH 2
EXT
5V 2 mV 5V 2 mV 5s 5 ns
LINE
C O UPLING C O UPLING
AC -DC -G ND AC -DC -G ND TRIG C O UP
DC AC

DISPLAY
PRO BE C O MP CH1 CH2 EXT TRIG
5V

INTENSITY
Test and Measurement Instruments
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.
Test and Measurement Instruments
The Digital Multimeter (DMM) can make three basic electrical
measurements. O FF
0.01 V
V
Hz

mV

Voltage A Ra n g e
Au to ra n g e 1s

To u c h /Ho ld

Resistance
1s
10 A
V

40 m A COM

Current
Fuse d

In digital work, DMMs are useful for

checking power supply voltages, verifying resistors,
testing continuity, and occasionally making other measurements.