Chapter4_Arrays and Pointers 06/25/2024

ARRAYS
 In C programming, one of the frequently arising
problems is to handle similar types of data. For example:
 If the user wants to store marks of 100 students.
 This can be done by creating 100 variables individually but,
 This process is rather tedious and impracticable.
 This type of problem can be handled in C programming using
arrays.
 An array is a sequence of data item of homogeneous
values(same type).
 Arrays are of two types:
 One-dimensional arrays
 Multidimensional arrays
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ARRAYS
Declaration of one-dimensional array
Syntax: data_type array_name[array_size];
For example: int age[5];
 Here, the name of array is age. The size of array is 5,i.e., there are 5
items(elements) of array age.
 All element in an array are of the same type (int, in this case).
Array elements
 Size of array defines the number of elements in an array. Each element of array can
be accessed and used by user according to the need of program.
For example: int age[5];

 Note that, the first element is numbered 0 and so on.

 Here, the size of array age is 5 times the size of int because there are 5 elements.
 Suppose, the starting address of age[0] is 2120d and the size of int be 4 bytes.
 Then, the next address (address of age[1]) will be 2124d, address of age[2] will be 2128d and so on
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ARRAYS
Initialization of one-dimensional array:
 Arrays can be initialized at declaration time in this source code as:
int age[5]={2,4,34,3,4};
 It is not necessary to define the size of arrays during initialization.
int age[]={2,4,34,3,4};
 In this case, the compiler determines the size of array by calculating the number of elements of an
array.

Accessing array elements

 In C programming, arrays can be accessed and treated like variables in C. For example:
scanf("%d“, &age[2]); /* statement to insert value in the third element of array age[]. */

scanf("%d“, &age[i]); /* Statement to insert value in (i+1)th element of array age[]. */

/* Because, the first element of array is age[0], second is age[1], i th
is age[i-1] and (i+1)this age[i]. */

printf("%d“, age[0]); /* statement to print first element of an array. */

printf("%d“, age[i]); /* statement to print (i+1)the element of an array. */ 3
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ARRAY
Example of array in C programming
/* C program to find the sum marks of n students using arrays */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int marks[10], i, n, sum=0;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d“,&n);
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("Enter marks of student %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d“,&marks[i]);
sum+=marks[i]; Output
} Enter number of students: 3
printf("Sum= %d", sum); Enter marks of student1: 12
return 0; Enter marks of student2: 31
} Enter marks of student3: 2
sum=45

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
 C programming language allows programmer to create arrays
of arrays known as multidimensional arrays.
 For example:
float a[2][6];
Here, a is an array of two dimension, which is an example of
multidimensional array.
 For better understanding of multidimensional arrays, array
elements of above example can be thought of as below:

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
Initialization of Multidimensional Arrays
 In C, multidimensional arrays can be initialized

in different number of ways.

int c[2][3]= {{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}};
OR

int c[][3]= {{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}};

OR
int c[2][3]= {1,3,0,-1,5,9};

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
Example of Multidimensional Array In C printf("Enter the elements of 2nd matrix\n");
Write a C program to find sum of two matrix of for(i=0;i<2;++i)
order 2*2 using multidimensional arrays where, for(j=0;j<2;++j)
elements of matrix are entered by user. {
#include <stdio.h> printf("Enter b%d%d:
int main() ",i+1,j+1); scanf("%f",&b[i]
{ [j]);
float a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2]; }
int i, j; for(i=0;i<2;++i)
printf("Enter the elements of 1st matrix\n"); for(j=0;j<2;++j)
/* Reading two dimensional Array with the help of {
two for loop. If there was an array of 'n' dimension, /* Writing the elements using loop. */
'n' numbers of loops are needed for inserting data
to array.*/ c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
for(i=0;i<2;++i) /* Sum of corresponding elements of */
for(j=0;j<2;++j)
{ }
printf("Enter a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1); printf("\nSum Of Matrix:");
scanf("%f",&a[i][j]); for(i=0;i<2;++i)
} for(j=0;j<2;++j)
{
printf("%.1f\t“, c[i][j]);
if(j==1) /* To display sum in order. *
printf("\n");
7
}
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
Ouput
Enter the elements of 1st matrix
Enter a11: 2;
Enter a12: 0.5;
Enter a21: -1.1;
Enter a22: 2;
Enter the elements of 2nd matrix
Enter b11: 0.2;
Enter b12: 0;
Enter b21: 0.23;
Enter b22: 23;
Sum Of Matrix:
2.2 0.5
-0.9 25.0
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ARRAYS AND FUNCTIONS

 A single array element or an entire array can be passed to a function.
 Also, both one-dimensional and multi-dimensional array can be passed to function as
argument.
C program to pass a single element of an array to function
#include <stdio.h>
void display(int a)
{
printf("%d",a);
}
int main()
{
int c[]={2,3,4};
display(c[2]); //Passing array element c[2] only.
return 0;
}
Output
4
 Single element of an array can be passed in similar manner as passing variable to a function.
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ARRAYS AND FUNCTIONS

 Passing entire one-dimensional array to a function
 While passing arrays to the argument, the name of the array is passed as an
argument(,i.e, starting address of memory area is passed as argument).
Write a C program to pass an array containing age of person to a function. This
function
should find average age and display the average age in main function.
#include <stdio.h> average(float a[])
float average(float a[]); {
int main() int i;
{ float avg, sum=0.0;
float avg, c[]={23.4, 55, 22.6, 3, 40.5, 18}; for(i=0;i<6;++i)
avg=average(c); /* Only name of array {
is passed as argument. */ sum+=a[i];
printf("Average age=%.2f",avg); }
return 0; avg =(sum/6);
} return avg;
}
Output
Average age=27.08
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ARRAYS AND FUNCTIONS

 Passing Multi-dimensional Arrays to Function
 To pass two-dimensional array to a function as an argument, starting address of memory
area reserved is passed as in one dimensional array
 Example to pass two-dimensional arrays to function
#include<stdio.h> void Function(int c[2][2])
void Function(int c[2][2]); {
int main() int i,j;
{ printf("Displaying:\n");
int c[2][2],i,j; for(i=0;i<2;++i) Output
printf("Enter 4 numbers); for(j=0;j<2;++j) Enter 4
for(i=0;i<2;++i) numbers:2
printf("%d\n",c[i][j]);
for(j=0;j<2;++j) } 345
{ Displaying
scanf("%d",&c[i][j]); :2
} 3
Function(c); /* passing multi- 4
dimensional array to function */ 5
return 0;
}
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POINTERS
 Pointers are the powerful feature of C and (C++) programming, which differs it
from other popular programming languages like: java and Visual Basic.
 Pointers are used in C program to access the memory and manipulate the
address.
Reference operator(&)
 If var is a variable then, &var is the address in memory.
/* Example to demonstrate use of reference operator in C programming. */
#include <stdio.h> Output
int main() Value: 5
Address: 2686778
{ Note: You may obtain different value
of address while using this code.In
int var=5; above source code, value 5 is stored in
printf("Value: %d\n",var); the memory location 2686778. var is
just the name given to that location.
printf("Address: %d",&var); You, have already used reference
/*Notice, the ampersand(&) before var. */ operator in C program while using
scanf() function.
return 0; scanf("%d",&var);
} 12
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POINTER
Dereference operator(*) and Pointer variables
 Pointer variable or simply pointer are the special types of

variables that holds memory address rather than data,

that is, a variable that holds address value is called a
pointer variable or simply a pointer.
Declaration of Pointer
 Dereference operator(*) are used for defining pointer

variable
data_type* pointer_variable_name;
int* p;
Above statement defines, p as pointer variable of type int.
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POINTER
/* Source code to demonstrate, handling of Output
pointers in C program */
1. #include <stdio.h> Address of c: 2686784
2. int main() Value of c: 22
3. { Address of pointer pc: 2686784
4. int* pc, c; Content of pointer pc: 22
5. c=22; Address of pointer pc: 2686784
6. printf("Address of c:%d\n", &c); Content of pointer pc: 11
7. printf("Value of c:%d\n\n", c); Address of c: 2686784
8. pc=&c; Value of c: 2
9. printf("Address of pointer pc:%d\n", pc);
10.printf("Content of pointer pc:%d\n\n", *pc);
11 .c=11;
12. printf("Address of pointer pc:%d\n", pc);
13.printf("Content of pointer pc:%d\n\n",*pc);
14.*pc=2;
15. printf("Address of c:%d\n", &c);
16. printf("Value of c:%d\n\n", c);
17. return 0;
}

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POINTER
Explanation of program and figure
 Code int* pc; creates a pointer pc and a code int c; creates normal variable c. Pointer pc points
to some address and that address has garbage value. Similarly, variable c also has garbage value
at this point.
 Code c=22; makes the value of c equal to 22, i.e.,22 is stored in the memory location of
variable c.
 Code pc=&c; makes pointer, point to address of c. Note that, &c is the address of variable
c (because c is normal variable) and pc is the address of pc (because pc is the pointer variable).
Since the address of pc and address of c is same, *pc will be equal to the value of c.
 Code c=11; makes the value of c, 11. Since, pointer pc is pointing to address of c. Value inside
address pc will also be 11.
 Code *pc=2; change the contents of the memory location pointed by pointer pc to change to 2.
Since address of pointer pc is same as address of c, value of c also changes to 2.
Commonly done mistakes in pointers
 Suppose, the programmer wants pointer pc to point to the address of c. Then,
int c, *pc;
pc=c; /* pc is address whereas, c is not an address. */
*pc=&c; /* &c is address whereas, *pc is not an address. */
In both cases, pointer pc is not pointing to the address of c.
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POINTERS AND ARRAYS

 Arrays are closely related to pointers in C programming but the important difference
between them is that, a pointer variable can take different addresses as value whereas,
in case of array it is fixed. This can be demonstrated by an example:
#include <stdio.h>
output
int main() Address of c[0]=28ff44
{ Address of c[1]=28ff45
char c[4]; Address of c[2]=28ff46
int i; Address of c[3]=28ff47
for(i=0;i<4;++i)
{
printf("Address of c[%d]=%x\n",i,&c[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Notice, that there is equal difference (difference of 1 byte) between any two consecutive
elements of array.
 Note: You may get different address of an array.
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POINTERS AND ARRAYS

Relation between Arrays and Pointers
 Consider and array: int arr[4];

 In arrays of C programming, name of the array always points to the first element of
an array. Here, address of first element of an array is &arr[0]. Also, arr represents
the address of the pointer where it is pointing. Hence, &arr[0] is equivalent to arr.
 Also, value inside the address &arr[0] and address arr are equal.
 Value in address &arr[0] is arr[0] and value in address arr is *arr. Hence, arr[0] is
equivalent to *arr.
 Similarly,
&arr[1] is equivalent to (arr+1) AND, arr [1] is equivalent to *(arr+1).
&arr [2] is equivalent to (arr+2) AND, arr [2] is equivalent to *(arr+2).
&arr [3] is equivalent to (arr+1) AND, arr [3] is equivalent to *(arr+3).
.
.
&arr [i] is equivalent to (arr+i) AND, arr [i] is equivalent to *(arr+i).
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POINTERS AND ARRAYS

 In C, you can declare an array and can use pointer to alter the data of an array.
/*Program to find the sum of six numbers with arrays and pointers.*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,class[6],sum=0;
printf("Enter 6 numbers:");
for(i=0;i<6;++i)
{
scanf("%d", (class+i)); // (class+i) is equivalent to &class[i]
sum += *(class+i); // *(class+i) is equivalent to class[i]
Output
}
Enter 6 numbers:2 3 4 5 3 4
printf("Sum=%d",sum); Sum=21
return 0;
}
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POINTERS AND FUNCTIONS

Call by Reference: When, argument is passed using pointer, address of the memory location is passed instead of value.
/*Program to swap two number using call by reference.*/
#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *a,int *b);
int main()
{
int num1=5,num2=10;
swap(&num1,&num2); /* address of num1 and num2 is passed to swap function */
printf("Number1 = %d\n",num1);
printf("Number2 = %d",num2);
return 0;
}
void swap(int *a,int *b)
{
/* pointer a and b points to address of num1 and num2 respectively */
int temp;
temp=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=temp;
}
Output
Number1 = 10
Number2 = 5
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POINTERS AND FUNCTIONS

Explanation
 The address of memory location num1 and num2

are passed to function and the pointers *a and *b

accept those values. So, the pointer a and b points to
address of num1 and num2 respectively.
 When, the value of pointers are changed, the value in

memory location also changed correspondingly.

 Hence, change made to *a and *b was reflected in

num1 and num2 in main function.

 This technique is known as call by reference in C

programming.
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POINTERS TO POINTERS
 Pointer, we know is a variable that contains address of another variable. Now this variable itself
might be another pointer. Thus, we now have a pointer that contains another pointer’s address. The
following example should make this point clear.
int main( )
{
int i = 3, *j, **k ; The output of the above program would
j = &i ; be:
k = &j ; Address of i = 65524
printf ( "\nAddress of i = %u", &i ) ;
printf ( "\nAddress of i = %u", j ) ; Address of i = 65524
printf ( "\nAddress of i = %u", *k ) ;
Address of i = 65524
Address of j = 65522
printf ( "\nAddress of j = %u", &j ) ;
Address of j = 65522
printf ( "\nAddress of j = %u", k ) ; Address of k = 65520
printf ( "\nAddress of k = %u", &k ) ; Value of j = 65524
printf ( "\nValue of j = %u", j ) ; Value of k = 65522
printf ( "\nValue of k = %u", k ) ; Value of i = 3
printf ( "\nValue of i = %d", i ) ; Value of i = 3
printf ( "\nValue of i = %d", * ( &i ) ) ; Value of i = 3
printf ( "\nValue of i = %d", *j ) ; Value of i = 3
printf ( "\nValue of i = %d", **k ) ; 21
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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

 The exact size of array is unknown until the compile time, i.e., time when a
compiler compiles code written in a programming language into a executable form.
The size of array you have declared initially can be sometimes
 insufficient and sometimes more than required.
 Dynamic memory allocation allows a program to
 obtain more memory space, while running or to release space when no space is

required.
 Although, C language inherently does not have any technique to allocated memory
dynamically, there are 4 library functions under "stdlib.h" for dynamic memory
allocation.
Function Use of function
malloc() Allocates requested size of bytes and returns a pointer first byte of
allocated space
calloc() Allocates space for an array elements, initializes to zero and then returns
a pointer to memory
free() dellocate the previously allocated space
realloc() Change the size of previously allocated space
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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

malloc()
 The name malloc stands for "memory allocation".

 The function malloc() reserves a block of memory of specified size

and return a pointer of type void which can be casted into pointer of
any form.
Syntax of malloc()
ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size)
 Here, ptr is pointer of cast-type. The malloc() function returns a

pointer to an area of memory with size of byte size.

 If the space is insufficient, allocation fails and returns NULL pointer.

ptr=(int*)malloc(100*sizeof(int));
 This statement will allocate either 200 or 400 according to size of int 2 or 4
bytes respectively and the pointer points to the address of first byte of
memory.
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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

calloc()
 The name calloc stands for "contiguous allocation".
 The only difference between malloc() and calloc() is that, malloc() allocates single block of
memory whereas calloc() allocates multiple blocks of memory each of same size and sets
all bytes to zero.
Syntax of calloc()
ptr=(cast-type*)calloc(n,element-size);
 This statement will allocate contiguous space in memory for an array of n elements. For
example:
ptr=(float*)calloc(25,sizeof(float));
 This statement allocates contiguous space in memory for an array of 25 elements each of
size of float, i.e, 4 bytes.
free()
 Dynamically allocated memory with either calloc() or malloc() does not get return
on its own. The programmer must use free() explicitly to release space.
syntax of free()
free(ptr); This statement cause the space in memory pointer by ptr to be
deallocated. 24
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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

Write a C program to find sum of n elements entered by user. To perform this program, allocate
memory dynamically using malloc() function.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int n, i,*ptr, sum=0;
printf("Enter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
ptr=(int*)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); //memory allocated using malloc
if(ptr==NULL)
{
printf("Error! memory not allocated.");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter elements of array: ");
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
sum+=*(ptr+i);
}
printf("Sum=%d",sum);
free(ptr);
return 0;
}

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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

Write a C program to find sum of n elements entered by user. To perform this program, allocate
memory dynamically using calloc() function.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int n, i,*ptr, sum=0;
printf("Enter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
ptr=(int*)calloc(n, sizeof(int)); //memory allocated using calloc
if(ptr==NULL)
{
printf("Error! memory not allocated.");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter elements of array: ");
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
sum+=*(ptr+i);
}
printf("Sum=%d",sum);
free(ptr);
return 0;
}

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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

realloc()
 If the previously allocated memory is insufficient

or more than sufficient. Then, you can change

memory size previously allocated using realloc().
Syntax of realloc()
ptr=realloc(ptr, newsize);
Here, ptr is reallocated with size of newsize.
See the netx example

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DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr,i,n1,n2;
printf("Enter size of array: ");
scanf("%d",&n1);
ptr=(int*)malloc(n1*sizeof(int));
printf("Address of previously allocated memory: ");
for(i=0;i<n1;++i)
printf("%u\t", ptr+i);
printf("\nEnter new size of array: ");
scanf("%d",&n2);
ptr=realloc(ptr, n2);
for(i=0;i<n2;++i)
printf("%u\t",ptr+i);
return 0;
}

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STRING
 In C programming, array of character are called strings.
 A string is terminated by null character \0. For example:

"c string tutorial"

 Here, "c string tutorial" is a string. When, compiler encounters

strings, it appends null character at the end of string.

Declaration of strings
 Strings are declared in C in similar manner as arrays.

 Only difference is that, strings are of char type.

char s[5];

 Strings can also be declared using pointer.

char *p
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STRING
Initialization of strings
 In C, string can be initialized in different number of ways.
char c[]="abcd"; OR
char c[5]="abcd“; OR,
char c[]={'a‘,'b‘,'c‘,'d','\0'};OR
char c[5]={'a‘,'b‘,'c‘,'d','\0'};
 String can also be initialized using pointers
char *c="abcd";
Reading Strings from user.
1) Reading words from user.
char c[20];
scanf("%s“, c);
String variable c can only take a word. It is because when white space is
encountered, the scanf() function terminates.

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STRING
Write a C program to illustrate how to read string from terminal.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[20];
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s“, name);
printf("Your name is %s”, name);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter name: Dennis Ritchie
Your name is Dennis.
Here, program will ignore Ritchie because, scanf() function takes only
string before the white space. 31
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STRING
2) Reading a line of text
C program to read line of text manually.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[30],ch;
int i=0;
printf("Enter name: ");
while(ch!='\n') /*terminates if user hit enter */
{
ch=getchar();
name[i]=ch;
i++;
}
name[i]='\0'; /*inserting null character at end */
printf("Name: %s",name);
return 0;
}
This process of taking a string is so tedious. There are predefined functions gets() and puts in C
language to read and display string respectively. 32
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STRING

#include <stdio.h>
#int main()
{
char name[30];
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(name); /*Function to read string from user.*/ printf("Name: ");
puts(name); /*Function to display string.*/
return 0;
}
Both, the above program has same output below:
Output
Enter name: Tom Hanks
Name:Tom Hanks
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STRING
Passing Strings to Functions
 String can be passed to function in similar manner as arrays as, string is also an array.
#include<stdio.h>
void Display(char ch[]);
int main()
{
char c[50];
printf("Enter string: ");
gets(c);
Display(c); /* Passing string c to function.*/
return 0;
}
void Display(char ch[])
{
printf("String Output: ");
puts(ch);
} Here, string c is passed from main() function to user-defined function Display(). In function
declaration, ch[] is the formal argument.
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STRINGS
String handling functions
 You can perform different type of string operations manually

like: finding length of string, concatenating(joining) two strings

etc.
 But, for programmers ease, many library function are defined

under header file <string.h> to handle these commonly used

talk in C programming.
 Strings are often needed to be manipulated by programmer

according to the need of a problem.

 All string manipulation can be done manually by the

programmer but, this makes programming complex and large.

 To solve this, the C supports a large number of string handling

functions. 35
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STRINGS

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 Chapter4_Arrays and Pointers 06/25/2024

EXAMPLES
C Program to Find the Length of a String
You can use standard library function strlen() to find the length of a string but,
this
program computes the length of a string manually without using strlen()
funtion. #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h>
int main() int main()
{
{ char s[1000], i;
char s[1000], i; printf("Enter a string: ");
n( ) scanf("%s", s);
printf("Enter a string: "); t r l e
s
scanf("%s", s); s i ng i=strlen(s);
U printf("Length of string: %d",
for(i=0; s[i]!='\0'; ++i); i);
printf("Length of string: %d", i); return 0;
return 0; }
}
This program asks user to enter a string and computes the length of string
manually using for loop. 37
 Chapter4_Arrays and Pointers 06/25/2024

EXAMPLES: C PROGRAM TO CONCATENATE TWO STRINGS

You can concatenate two strings easily using standard library function strcat() but, this
program concatenates two strings manually without using strcat() function.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() #include<string.h>
{ char s1[100], s2[100], i, j; int main()
{
printf("Enter first string: ");
char s1[100], s2[100],i, j;
scanf("%s",s1); printf("Enter first string: ");
printf("Enter second string: "); scanf("%s",s1);
scanf("%s",s2); printf("Enter second string: ");
scanf("%s",s2);
for(i=0; s1[i]!='\0'; ++i); printf("After concatenation: %s",strcat(s1,s2));
/* i contains length of string s1. */
for(j=0; s2[j]!='\0'; ++j, ++i) return 0;
{
}
s1[i]=s2[j];
} a t()
t rc
gs
s1[i]='\0'; Usin
printf("After concatenation: %s",s1);
return 0; } 38
 Chapter4_Arrays and Pointers 06/25/2024

EXAMPLES: C PROGRAM TO COPY STRING WITH OUT STRCPY()

 You can use the strcpy() function to copy the content of one string to another but, this program
copies the content of one string to another manually without using strcpy() function.
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() #include<string.h>
{ int main()
char s1[100], s2[100], i; {
char s1[100], s2[100], i;
printf("Enter string s1:");
printf("Enter string s1:");
scanf("%s",s1); scanf("%s",s1);
for(i=0; s1[i]!='\0'; ++i)
{ printf("Enter string s2:");
s2[i]=s1[i]; s i ng scanf("%s",s2);
U y ()
r c p strcpy(s2,s1);
} st
printf("String is: %s",s2);
s2[i]='\0'; return 0;
printf("String s2: %s",s2); }
return 0;
}

This above program copies the content of string s1 to string s2 manually.

39