Mekelle University​

MIT​
Department of Computer Science and Engineering ​

Course Title: Introduction to Emerging Technologies ​

​
Chapter Three: Artificial Intelligence (AI) ​
 Outlines
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 What is Artificial Intelligence
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
 Advantages and Disadvantages of AI
• Levels of AI
• Types of AI
• Applications of AI
• AI tools and platforms
• Sample AI application with hands on activity (e.g. Robotics)

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs.”
• AI is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.
 Artificial defines "man-made,"
 Intelligence defines "thinking power" or “the ability to learn and solve
problems”
 AI means "a man-made thinking power."
• AI defined as it can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• It is “copy of something natural(human) ‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring
and applying the information it has gained through exposure.”

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 Introduction to AI
What is Artificial Intelligence…
• AI exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as:
• Learning
• Reasoning
• Solving problems
• With AI, you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work
• You can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with
own intelligence

• Intelligence is composed of:

• Reasoning and Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence
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 Introduction to AI
What is Artificial Intelligence…

• AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that are capable of
performing tasks that humans are very good at. For example:
• Recognizing objects
• Recognizing and making sense of speech
• Decision making in a constrained environment
• AI Vs Machine learning Vs Neural network
• Machine learning(ML) and neural network are fundamental concept of AI
research.
• ML is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through
experience.
• Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract features
from the data in a hierarchical fashion
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 Introduction to AI
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• The main goals of Artificial Intelligence is:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior
• Learn new things by itself
• Demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user

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 Introduction to AI
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
• To make machine learn and make decision like human do, AI requires
knowledge of some disciplines.
• AI is multidisciplinary and requires the following disciplines
• Mathematics, Biology, Psychology, Sociology
• Computer Science, Neurons Study and Statistics

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 Introduction to AI
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Main advantages of Artificial Intelligence are:
 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines are prone to fewer errors
and high accuracy.
 High-Speed: AI is very high-speed and fast decision making b/c can beat a
chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
 Useful for risky areas: helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor.
 Useful as a public utility: very useful for public utilities such as:
• A self-driving car make our journey safer
• Facial recognition for security purposes
• NLP(spelling checker, search engine, sisri, for translation like google translate).

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 Introduction to AI
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Every technology has some disadvantages, and the same goes for Artificial
intelligence
• Main Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence are:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as
it requires lots of maintenance.
 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI,
but still they cannot work out of the box
 No feelings and emotions: it does not have the feeling so it cannot make
any kind of emotional attachment with humans
 Increase dependence on machines: people are getting more dependent on
devices.
 No Original Creativity: can’t be creative and imaginative.

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 Levels of AI
• There are stages that AI passed to get at the current stage of its development.

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

• The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket
• Covering everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation)
and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.

Stage 2– Context Awareness and Retention

• They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans.
• Their knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries arise.
• They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans.
• Their knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries arise.
(Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and “roboadvisors” )

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 Levels of AI…
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
• These systems build up expertise in a specific context taking in
massive volumes of information
• Example: Cancer diagnosis and Google Deepmind’s AlphaGo

Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

• They have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge
• They could reason or negotiate with humans
• Expected within the next few years

Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence

• These systems have human-like intelligence
• Some believe it could be realized already from 2024
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 Levels of AI…
Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
• AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in
every domain.
• Example: solving problems we have failed to so far, such as world
hunger and dangerous environmental change.

Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence

• Go beyond the limits of the human body and happen by 2045
• Some argues human awareness could never be digitized.

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 Types of AI
• Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are
mainly two types of the main categorization which are
 Based on capabilities (strength of intelligence)
 Based on functionally

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 Types of AI...
A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak or Narrow AI
• Able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence
• Most common and currently available AI
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only
trained for one specific task
• Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI as it uses an
Expert system approach
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are
• Google translate
• Playing chess
• Purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites
• Self-driving cars
• Speech recognition and image recognition
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 Types of AI...
A. Based on Capabilities…
2. General AI
• Perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that
could be smarter and think like a human on its own.
• Currently, no such system exists which could come under
general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human
• Arrive within the next 20 years but it has challenges relating
to hardware and energy consumption.
• General AI are still under research and it will take lots of
effort and time to develop such systems.

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 Types of AI...
A. Based on Capabilities…
3. Super AI
• Machines could surpass human intelligence
• Can perform any task better than a human with cognitive
properties. This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem
solving and creativity
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability such as:
 Ability to think
 To reason solve the puzzle
 Make judgments, plan, learn
 Communicate on its own
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of AI
• Development of such systems in real is still a world changing task
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 Types of AI...
B. Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines
• The most basic types of AI
• Such AI systems or machines do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions
• Only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action
• Example IBM's Deep Blue system and Google's AlphaGo

2. Limited Memory
• Can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time
• Best example is Self-driving cars, store the recent speed of nearby cars,
the distance of other cars

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 Types of AI...
B. Based on the functionality...
3. Theory of Mind
• AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans
• This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts.
• Sophia – the humanoid robot is one example of such effort

4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of AI.
• These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness.
• These will be smarter than the human mind
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept 18
 Types of AI...
How humans think (mapping human thinking to AI)
• The goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI that learns like a
human and can solve general problems as the human brain does.

• How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive process is

composed of three main stages
A. Observe and input the information in the brain
B. Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment
C. Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and the
evaluated ones.

• AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI systems or models.

• This process represents the main three layers or components of AI systems
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 Types of AI...
How humans think(mapping human thinking to AI)…
• AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to map
the human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.

In the first stage

• Humans acquire information from their surrounding environments
through human senses such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
• In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which
perceives information from the surrounding environment
• Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of the hearing and sight
senses in humans
• sensing agents like voice recognition for sensing voice

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 Types of AI...
How humans think(mapping human thinking to AI)…
The second stage
• Interpreting and evaluating the input data.
• In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer, that is,
reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired by
the sensing layer.

The third stage

• taking action or making decisions.
• In AI, interacting layer performs the necessary tasks
• Examples of functions that are implemented in the interacting layer are:
• Robotic movement control
• Speech generation
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 Influencers of Artificial intelligence
• There are some influential factors that accelerate rise of
AI
• The following are influencers of AI
 The emergence of Data Science and
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data

 Advancements in computer processing speed and new

chip architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces)
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 Applications of AI
• AI has various applications in today's society.
• AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster in different sectors.
• Following are some sectors which have the application of AI

1. AI in agriculture:
• AI technologies are being used to yield healthier crops, control pests and organize data for
farmers
• Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis
• Examples of AI applications in the agriculture sector are See & Spray Robot, Harvest
CROO Robotics.

2. AI in Healthcare:
• To make a better and faster diagnosis than humans
• Help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach
• Best known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson
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 Applications of AI…
3. AI in education:
• AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach and
assess students and adapt to their needs
• AI tutors can provide additional support to students
• AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant
• AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students
accessible easily at any time
• Examples of AI applications in the Education sector are Smart Tutors and Personalization,
Smart Content and virtual lecturers

4. AI in Finance and E-commerce:

• AI and finance industries are the best matches.
• The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence machine learning into financial processes.
• In e-commerce, AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products
with recommended size, color 24
 Applications of AI…
5. AI in Gaming
• AI can be used for gaming purposes
• AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to
think of possible places

6. AI in Data Security
• Cyber-attacks are growing rapidly in the digital world
• AI used to make your data more safe and secure
• AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and cyber-attacks in
a better way

7. AI in Social Media
• Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles which need to
be stored and managed
• AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and
requirements of different users 25
 Applications of AI…
8. AI in Travel &Transport
• AI is capable of doing travel related works such as from making travel
arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers.
• Travel industries are using AI powered chatbots which can make
human-like interaction with customers for a better and fast response.

9. AI in the Automotive Industry

• In Automotive industries , AI provide virtual assistants to their use for
better performance.
• Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant
• Industries are currently developing self driven cars which can make the
journey more safe and secure

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 Applications of AI…
10. AI in Robotics
• AI has a remarkable role in Robotics.
• with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform
tasks with their own experiences without pre programmed.
• Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics.
• Intelligent Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.

11. AI in Entertainment
• AI-based applications are using in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon

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 AI Tools and Platforms(Optional)
• AI platforms are defined as hardware architecture or software framework that
allows the software to run.
• It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by
human beings.
• The platform simulates the cognitive function that human minds perform such
as:
 Problem-solving
 learning, reasoning
 social intelligence as well as general intelligence

• AI platforms provide users a tool kit to build intelligent applications.

• These platforms combine intelligent, decision-making algorithms with data,
which enables developers to create a business solution.
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 AI Tools and Platforms(Optional)
• Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms and simplistic workflows with such
features as drag-and-drop modeling.
 These algorithms can include functionality for
 Image recognition(give machine ablity to identify image)
 NLP(gives machines the ability to read and understand human
language )
• AI platforms are frequently used by developers to create both the learning
algorithm and intelligent application
 Users without intensive development skills will benefit

• The most common AI platforms include:

 Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning
 Google Cloud Prediction API, IBM Watson, TensorFlow, Infosys Nia,
Wipro HOLMES, API.AI, Premonition, Rainbird
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 Sample AI Application
• Commuting
• Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
• Smart Traffic Management Systems

• Email
• Spam Filters
• Smart Email Categorization

• Social Networking
• Face book - When you upload photos to Facebook, the service
automatically highlights faces and suggests friends tag.
• Pinterest uses computer vision, an application of AI where computers
are taught to “see,” in order to automatically identify objects in images.

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 Sample AI Application
• Mobile Use
• Voice-to-Text:- A standard feature on smart phones today is voice-to-text.
 You can start speaking and your phone converts the audio into text.
Example: saying phrase “Ok Google”
• Smart Personal Assistants
 Siri and Google Now perform internet searches, set reminders, and
integrate with your calendar.
 Alexa, an AI-powered personal assistant that accepts voice commands
to create to-do lists, order items online, set reminders, and answer
questions
• Microsoft has followed suit with Cortana, its own AI assistant that comes
preloaded on Windows computers and Microsoft smart phones.

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 Mekelle University​
MIT​
Department of Computer Science and Engineering ​

Course Title: Introduction to Emerging Technologies ​

Chapter Four: Internet of Things (IoT)

 Outlines
• Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)
 What is IOT
 Advantages and Disadvantages of IOT
 Challenges of IOT
• How does it work?
 Architecture of IOT
 Devices and Networks
• IOT Tools and Platforms(Optional)
• Applications of IoT (in respective fields of study)
• Sample IOT application with hands on activity
 IOT Based Smart Home
 IOT Based Smart City and Smart Farming

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Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)
What is Internet of Things (IOT)
• IOT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing devices
through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of useful
data
• In general, The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange
data.
• IOT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer
data over the internet without any human intervention.

IOT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors 34

 What is Internet of Things (IOT)…
• Simply stated, the IOT consists of any device with an
on/off switch connected to the Internet Includes anything
ranging from
 Cell phones to building maintenance to the jet engine of an
airplane.
 Heart monitor implant as medical device and a biochip
transponder in a farm animal are members of the IoT and can
transfer data over a network.

• IoT is an ecosystem of connected physical objects that are

accessible through the internet.
35
 What is Internet of Things (IOT)…
• The IoT consists of a gigantic network of internet
connected “things” and devices.
 An example of recent addition to IOT, Ring, a doorbell that links
to your smart phone.
 Ring signals you when the doorbell is pressed and lets you see
who it is.

• IOT has found its application in several areas such as

 Connected industry and car
 Smart-city, smart-home, smart-energy, smart agriculture
 Connected building and campus, health care, logistics
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 What is Internet of Things (IOT)…
Types of System
• IoT includes many different systems including
 Internet-connected cars
 Wearable devices including health and fitness monitoring devices, watches,
and even human implanted devices
 Smart meters and smart objects
 Home automation systems and lighting controls
 Smartphone that are increasingly being used to measure the world around
them
 Wireless sensor networks that measure weather, flood defenses, tides and
more

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 What is Internet of Things (IOT)…
Types of System
• There are four main components of an IoT system
 The Thing itself (that is, the device)
 The local network (this can include a gateway, which translates proprietary
communication protocols to Internet Protocol).
 The Internet ( the Global Network)
 Back-end services (enterprise data systems, or PCs and mobile devices).
• Generally speaking, IOT is just more than M2M communication, with
technologies including:
 Wireless sensor networks, sensor networks
 2G/3G/4G, GSM,GPRS,RFID and
 WI-FI, GPS, microcontroller, microprocessor etc.
38
 What is Internet of Things (IOT)…
• IOT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and
robotics.
• The most important features of IoT include
 AI, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use.

39
Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
Advantages of IOT
• The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and
business. the advantages that IoT has to offer:
 Improved Customer Engagement- Current analytics suffer from blind
spots and flaws inaccuracy and engagement remains passive. IoT achieve
richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
 Technology Optimization- IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and
field data. improve the customer experience and device use.
 Reduced Waste- IoT provides real-world information leading to the more
effective management of resources
 Enhanced Data Collection- Modern data collection suffers from its
limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces.

40
Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
Disadvantages of IOT
• Some of the disadvantages of IOT are:
 As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared the potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, every connected device will
become corrupted.
 There’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT
 It’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.

41
Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)..
Challenges of IoT
• IOT delivers an impressive set of advantages, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a major issues:
 Security- IoT creates an ecosystem of connected devices communicating over
networks.
 System offer little control despite any measures
 Leave users exposed to various kinds of attackers
 Privacy- IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the user's
active participation.
 Complexity- IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies
 Flexibility- Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another.
 Compliance- IoT must comply with regulations. 42
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT
• An IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of
 Hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors
• Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:
 Sensing, network, data processing, and application layers.
Below figure shows Architecture of IoT.

43
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT…
1. Sensing Layer- Its purpose is
 To identify any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral
 To Obtain data from the real world.
• This layer consists of several sensors and Sensors in IoT devices
usually integrated through sensor hubs.
• A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors
that accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a
device
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions
that generate the data.
 For example, actuators might shut off a power supply, adjust
an airflow valve, move a robotic 44
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT…
• Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories
as described below
A. Motion Sensors: measure the change in motion as well as the
orientation of the devices.
• There are two types of motions one can observe in a device:
linear and angular motions
• Linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device.
• Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the
device
B. Environmental Sensors: Its purpose is to help the devices to take
autonomous decisions according to the changes of a device’s
peripheral.
45
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT…
• For instance, environment sensors are used in many
applications to improve user experience
 e.g., home automation systems, smart locks, smart lights.

C. Position sensors: deal with the physical position and location

of the device.
• The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are
magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
• Magnetic sensors are used as digital compass and help to fix the
orientation of the device display.
• GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices

46
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT…
2. Network Layer- acts as a communication channel to transfer data to
other connected devices
• Network layer is implemented by using diverse communication
technologies to allow data flow between other devices within the
same network
• Communication technologies are:
 Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc

3. Data Processing Layer- this layer consists of the main data processing
unit of IoT devices.
• The layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the
data to make decisions based on the result.
47
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT…
• In some IoT devices, the data processing layer
also saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.
 Example: Smart watch, smart home hub, etc
• This layer may share the result of data processing
with other connected devices via the network
layer.

48
 How does it work?
Architecture of IoT…
4. Application Layer- implements and presents the results of the data
processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT
devices.
• This layer is user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the
users.
• Application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains
such as
• Transportation, Building, City, Aetail and Agriculture
• Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction
• Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy

49
 How does it work?
Devices and Networks
• IOT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in industry or in
the enterprise.
• As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups such as
consumer, enterprise and industrial.
• Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys,
wearable, and smart appliances

50
 How does it work?
Devices and Networks…
• In the enterprise, smart sensors located in a conference room can help an
employee locate and schedule an available room for a meeting.
• When meeting attendees enter the room
 Temperature will adjust according to the conditions
 Lights will dim as the appropriate PowerPoint loads on the screen and the
speaker begins his presentation

51
 How does it work?
Devices and Networks…
• IOT network typically includes a number of devices with
constrained resources (power, processing, memory).
• Some of those devices may be massively deployed over large areas
like smart cities, industrial plants

• Therefore Efficient and autonomic management of IoT networks is

needed.

• IoT network requirements

 Ability to connect large numbers of heterogeneous IoT elements
 High reliability, Real-time awareness with low latency
 Ability to secure all traffic flows
52
 IoT Tools and Platforms
• IoT platform is an essential component of a huge IoT ecosystem that supports
and connects all components within the system.
• The structure of the platform is expandable, allowing the addition of new types
of network devices or applications
• The platform provides standard web services such as:
 Device discovery, data storage, and user authorities, which are basic
requirements for creating IoT applications.
• IOT Platform Solutions are based on the IOT and cloud technology.
• IOT platform helps
 To facilitate device management
 Handle hardware/software communication protocols
 Collect/analyze data
 Enhance data flow and functionality of smart applications
• IOT development tools are Eclipse IoT, Tessel 2, PlatformIO, IBM Watson,
device Haive and OpenSCADA, etc. 53
 IoT Tools and Platforms
Here is a list of IOT platforms with their key features
IOT Platforms Key Features

KAA  Perform real-time device monitoring

 manage unlimited connected devices
 create cloud service for smart products
SiteWhere  Add devices through self-registration
 run any number of IOT applications on single site
 default database storege is MonogoDB
ThingSpeak  MATLAB analytics and visualizations
 collect data in private channels
 share data in public channels
DeviceHive  Directly integrate with Alexa
 it comes with Apache Spark
 support libreries including Android and iOS
Zetta  Supports a wide range of hacker boards
 allow you to assemble Smartphone apps, device apps
and cloud apps
ThingsBoard
 Real-time data visualization and remote device control
 customizable rules, plug-in, widgets 54
 Applications of IoT
• Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best applied:
• Agriculture- IOT used for indoor and outdoor planting.
 For indoor planting, IOT monitoring and management of microclimate
conditions a reality, which in turn increases production.
 For outside planting, devices using IOT can sense soil moisture and
nutrients.
• Better control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems.
• Education- IoT provides aids which help in filling the gaps in the education
industry
• It not only improves the quality of education but also optimizes the cost
and improves the management by taking into consideration students
response and performance
• Consumer Use- For private citizens, IOT devices in the form of wearable and
smart homes make life easier.
55
 Applications of IoT
• Wearables cover accessories such as
 Fitbit, smart phones, Apple watches, health monitors to
improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and
fitness.
• Smart homes take care of things like
 Activating environmental controls so your house will at peak
comfort when you come home.
• Dinner that requires an oven can be started remotely, so the food is
ready when you arrive.
• Security is made more accessible and consumer having the ability to
control appliances and lights remotely.
• Activating a smart lock to allow the people to enter the house even if
they don’t have a key.
56
 Applications of IoT
• Healthcare- wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’ health
at home, reducing hospital stays.
 Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck,
arms, torso, and feet.
 In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the availability,
thereby cutting wait time for free space
 Real-time home monitoring, sensors can also determine if a patient has
fallen or is suffering a heart attack .

• Insurance- this can benefit from the IoT revolution.

 Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT
wearable's such as Fitbit.
 By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies
and encourage healthier habits.
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 Applications of IoT
• Manufacturing- RFID and GPS technology can help a
manufacturer track a product:
 From its start on the factory floor to its placement in the
destination store.
 The whole supply chain from start to finish.
 Sensors attached to factory equipment can help identify
bottlenecks in the production line, thereby reducing lost time
and waste.
 Other sensors mounted on those same machines can also track
the performance of the machine, predicting when the unit will
require maintenance, thereby preventing costly breakdowns.

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 Applications of IoT
• Retail- IOT technology has a lot to offer the world of retail
 Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control
warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned from
IoT sensors.
 IOT can help analyze mall traffic so that stores located in
malls can make the necessary adjustments that enhance the
customer’s shopping experience while reducing overhead.
 IOT helps retailers target customers based on past purchases.
 Equipped with the information provided through IoT, retailer
could craft a personalized promotion for their loyal customers

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 Applications of IoT
• Transportation- There’s already significant progress made in navigation
and self-driving cars in field of transportation
 The GPS utilized to help transportation companies plot faster and more
efficient routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding up delivery
times.
 City planners can also use that data to help determine traffic patterns,
parking space demand, and road construction.

• Utilities- IOT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions

such as humidity, temperature, and lighting.
 IoT sensors provide information can aid in regulate energy usage and
make the appropriate adjustments

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