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Sensor New

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Sameer Kumar Ratnalu
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11 views

Sensor New

Uploaded by

Sameer Kumar Ratnalu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOSENSOR

CONTENTS
 Sensor and Transducer
 Biosensor
 History of Biosensor
 Working Principle of Biosensor
 Types of Biosensor
 Sensing elements of Biosensor
 Nano photonic Biosensor
 Application
 Recents Research of Biosensor
Sensor and Transducer
 A sensor is an object whose purpose is to
detect events or changes in its environment, and
then provide a corresponding output.
e.g Pressure sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Humidity
sensor, Gas sensor, Motion sensor, Biosensor,
Accleration sensor, Displacement sensor etc.

 A Transducer is a device that converts one form


of energy to another. E.g pressure sensor might
detect pressure ( a mechanical form of energy )
and convert it to electrical signal for display
at a remote gauge.
 A sensor is a type of transducer.
Biosensor
 Biosensors are analytical tools for the analysis of bio-material samples to understand

their bio-composition, structure and function by converting a biological response into an

electrical signal. Example: Enzyme- conductometric biosensor for blood-glucose

monitoring.

 A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a

biological component with physicochemical detector.


History of Biosensor:
 Professor Leland C Clark Jnr is known as the father of the biosensor. On 15 April 1956
that he invented was named after him as “Clark electrode” (measured oxygen level in blood)
 The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) first defined the term
'biosensor' in 1992, and the realm of biosensors has exponentially grown to become a key
player in 21st century engineering all across the world.

Working Principle of Biosensor:


 Biological reorganization of elements which is highly specific towards the biological method
analytes products.
 Transducers detect the transduces signal from biological receptors targets to electrical to
reaction signal which is due occur.
 After transduction signal from biological to electrical signal where its amplification is
necessary and takes place and read out in detector after processing the values are displayed
for monitor and controlling the system
Detected by a
Pass through a
SUBSTRATE Thin outer RECOGNITION
to be detected MEMBRANE SYSTEM
(immobilized
enzymes/antibodies)

READOUT
- Output signal

INTERACTION of
Substrate and
Immobilized detectors

TRANSDUCER
AMPLIFIER - Converts the
-amplifies the
Product level PRODUCTS produced
Into a (electrical current/chemical/
electrical signal
Coventional Gas/heat generation)
Electrical signal
Types of Biosensor:

 Piezoelectric Sensors

 Calorimetric/ Thermal Detection Biosensors

 Optical Sensors

 Electrochemical Sensors

1. Conductometric Sensors

2. Amperometric Sensors

3. Potentiometric Sensors
 Piezoelectric Sensors: Piezoelectric biosensors are considered as mass based
biosensors.

Piezoelectric biosensor are based on the principle of acoustics (sound vibration).

Piezoelectric biosensors produce an electrical signal when a mechanical force is

applied. e.g. Quartz crystal micro or nano balance.

 Calorimetric/Thermal Detection Biosensors: It works on the principal of absorption


/production of heat.

 Optical Sensors: The optical fibers allow detection of analytes on the basis of
absorption,fluorescence or light scattering. The reaction causes a change in

fluorescence or absorbance resulting due to change in the refractive index of the

surface between two media which differn density.

. If antibodies bind on a metal layer, the refractive index of the medium in contact with

contact this layer will change.


 Electrochemical Biosensors: Electrochemical biosensors are integrated receptor – transducer
devices – capable of providing selective and quantitative analytical information using a
biological recognition element.
 Conductimetric Sensors: Conductimetric biosensors measure changes in the conductivity of
a medium as a result of enzyme reactions that change its ionic composition.
 Amperometric Sensors: Amperometric biosensors measure the electric current associated
with electron flow resulting from redox reactions.
 Potentiometric Sensors: Potentiometric biosensors use ion selective electrodes to determine
changes in the concentration of chosen ions.

PIEZOELECTRIC Measures change in mass

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL Measures change in electric distribution

OPTICAL Measures change in light intensity

CALORIMETRIC Measures change in heat


Sensing Elements:
 Enzymes are proteins with high catalytic activity and selectively towards substrates. They
have been used for decades to assay the concentration of diverse analytes.
 Enzymes have been immobilized at the surface of the transducer by adsorption, covalent
attachment, entrapment in a gel or an electrochemically generated polymer.
 Enzymes are commonly coupled to electrochemical and fiber optic transducers.

Micro-Organisms:
 The use of micro-organisms as biological elements
in biosensors is based on the measurement of
their metabolism.
 Can be more stable, and can carry out several
complex reactions involving enzymes and cofactors.
 Conversly they are less selective than enzymes
and may require more frequent calibration.
Nano Photonic Biosensor

 Novel nanophotonic structures and devices can

be used for a range of bio-sensing and bio-imaging

applications

 The goal is to explore novel photonic concepts, such

as metasurfaces and common-path interferometers,

for the development of novel sensing

and imaging modalities.

 These properties, especially when used in

conjunction with suitable microfluidics approaches,

can be used to probe interactions of biological

molecules, cells, bacteria and tissues with a goal

of extracting more information about their function.


APPLICATIONS
 Glucose monitoring, pregnancy test in diabetes patients historical market driver

 Environmental applications e.g. the detection of pesticides and river water contaminants

such as heavy metal ions.

 Remote sensing of airbone bacteria e.g in counter-bioterrorist activities.

 Determining levels of toxic substances before and after bioremediation.

 Drug discovery and evaluation of biological activities of new compounds

 Detecting levels of toxins in an ecosystem

 Used in military field also

 Used in agriculture and food industry


Recent Research of Biosensor
 In a recent study posted to the medRxiv* preprint server,
researchers developed an antibody (Ab)-modified graphene
field effect transistor (GFET)-based biosensor for ultraprecise
and rapid influenza A virus (IAV) and severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protein detection and
differentiation.

 The National Institute of Standards and Technology, via an


application from the RAPID Manufacturing Institute,
awarded the University of Arkansas $699,604 to improve a
Wi-Fi nano-biosensor that will be used in a palm-sized, low-
cost and wireless SARS-COV-II detection system.
 A team that includes Rutgers scientists has designed a
synthetic protein that quickly detects molecules of a
deadly nerve agent that has been classified by the
United Nations as a weapon of mass destruction and
could be used in a chemical warfare attack.

 Scientists develop a smart contact lens that can


capture and detect exosomes.
 Scientists from the University of Michigan, USA,
have recently developed a gold nanoparticle-based
biosensing device for rapid and ultrasensitive
detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in point-of-care
settings

 The widespread use of conventional food testing


methods is limited as they use complex
instrumentation and have low sensitivity,
selectivity, and accuracy. Conversely, DNA-based
electrochemical and optical sensors designed using
highly advanced nanomaterials and functional
polymers have shown great promise as food
scanning tools.
 SARS-CoV-2 protein biosensor employing
colloidal quantum dots-modified electrode

 Robust sensor: Francesca Iacopi and


colleagues are developing a novel
graphene-based biosensor to detect
electrical signals from the brain
Thank You

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