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Lecture 3

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Waqas Khizar
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7 views

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

Waqas Khizar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems

Introduction to
Database
File-Based Systems
 Early attempt to Computerize the manual
filing system
 Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g.
reports).
 Eachprogram defines and manages its
own data (individual file).
Manual Filing Systems
 Works well
 while number of items to be stored is small
 For only storage or retrieval functionality of
large number of items
TYPICAL FILE PROCESING SYTEM:

Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration


Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration


Data Data Data
Files Files Files
Contrasting database and file systems
File-Based Systems
 ConsiderDreamHome example for file-
based systems
 SalesDepartment : responsible for selling
and renting of properties
 Contract Department: responsible for
handling lease agreements
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based
Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.
 For example, if we want to produce a list of all houses
that match the requirements of the clients.
 Duplication of data
 Decentralized approach taken by each department.
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based
Approach..
 Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot
easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed
Queries/Proliferation of application
programs
 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
Limitations of File-Based
Approach..
 Lack of data integration
 Limited data security and access
control
 Poor data integrity and recovery
 Lack of concurrency control

 aTOMICITY
Database Approach
 Arose because:
 Definition of data was embedded in application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently.
 No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.

 Result:
 the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Purpose of a Database

Database is an information that a person needs in


his personal, business, social and religious life and
the power and purpose of information is not only
in collecting and finding them but more
importantly in using them.
Thank you

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