The Atom PPT

The Atom
A COMPLETE OVERVIEW
(Optional) Recommended Link! Khan Academy
Introduces the Atom.
21 minutes
http://www.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-t
o-the-atom?playlist=Chemistry
Defining the Atom
All matter is composed of atoms

Atoms are the smallest particle of an
element that retains its identity in a
chemical reaction.
Atom comes from the Greek word
“atomos” meaning indivisible.
History of the Atom
EVOLUTION OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

DALTON
THOMPSON
RUTHERFORD
BOHR
Democritus
Democritus (460 BC – 370 BC) was among the 1st to

suggest the existence of atoms.
Democritus believed that atoms were indivisible and
indestructible.
His approached was not based on scientific method
and was not accepted until later scientific theory.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The modern atomic thought began with John Dalton

(1766-1844)
Dalton used experimental method to transform
Democritus’s idea of atoms into a scientific theory.
Dalton studied the ratios in which elements combine
and the result was Dalton’s atomic theory.
Atomic Theory
In 1808 John Dalton proposed atomic

theory.
Dalton’s theory explained several laws
known at the time.
Law of conservation of matter
Law of definite proportions
Law of multiple proportions

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are made of tiny particles

called atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element are
identical.
3. Atoms of different elements differ
from each other in some fundamental
way.
4. Atoms of one element can join with atoms

of other elements to form compounds.
• A given compound is always made of the
same elements combined in the same
ways.
 Explains the law of multiple
proportions and the law of definite
composition.
5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical

reactions.
• Chemical reactions change how
atoms are grouped (bonded)
together.
 Explains the law of conservation
of matter.
Electrons
Discovered in 1897 by J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) an

English physicist.
They are negatively charged subatomic particles.
Thomson performed experiments using a sealed
glass tube with gases in it. He passed an electric
current through the tube and the result was a
cathode ray.
1904
Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up
of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere
surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the
electron's charge
PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
like plums surrounded by pudding.
Electrons Continued
U.S. physicist Robert A. Millikan

(1868-1953) carried out experiments to
find the quantity of charge carried out
by an electron.
He calculated the mass of the electron;
that is very similar to the excepted
mass given today.
Protons
Eugen Goldstein (1850-1930) observed

in 1886 that in a cathode-ray tube there
were rays going in the opposite
direction. He concluded they were
positively charged particles.
Protons are positively charged
subatomic particles.
Each proton has a mass about 1840
times that of an electron.
Neutrons
In 1932 English physicist James

Chadwick (1891-1974) confirmed
the existence of another subatomic
particle.
Neutrons are subatomic particles
with no charge but a mass nearly
equal to the proton.
Rutherford’s Gold-Foil Experiment
This experiment change the prevailing
thought of the structure of the atom.
Because of this experiment Rutherford
concluded that most the of alpha
particles pass through because the
atom is mostly empty space, and the
reason that some of the particles were
deflected were due to the
concentration of the positive charge in
the atom which is now known as the
nucleus.
gold foil
helium nuclei
helium nuclei
They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed

through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their
surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a
more detailed model with a central nucleus.
He suggested that the positive charge was all in a

central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in
place by electrical attraction
Structure of the atom
The nucleus of the atom is the tiny

central core of an atom and is
composed of protons and neutrons.
Rutherford’s model is the nuclear
atom: In the nuclear atom, the
proton and neutron are located in
the nucleus. The electrons are
distributed around the nucleus.
A New Model of the Atom
Expected based on
Plum pudding model
Rutherford’s model
Based on ”his” results
1913 Niels Bohr
studied under Rutherford at the Victoria

University in Manchester.
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding

that the electrons were in orbits. Rather
like planets orbiting the sun. With each
orbit only able to contain a set number of
electrons.
Bohr’s Atom
electrons in orbits
nucleus
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton
N
+ -
+
- N
electron neutron
What do these particles consist of?

QUARKS
• Particles that make up protons and neutrons
Notice the Notice the

smaller smaller
particles that particles that
make up this
neutron after
+ make up this
proton after
you take a you take a
closer look. closer look.
What do you notice about the number

of quarks in the neutron and proton?
Electrons have special rules….
You can’t just shove all of the electrons
into the first orbit of an electron.
Electrons live in something called shells
or energy levels.
Only so many can be in any certain shell.
The electrons in the outer most shell of
any element are called valance
electrons.
Created by G.Baker www.thesciencequeen.net
Nucleus
1st shell
2nd shell
3rd shell
Adapted from http://www.sciencespot.net/Media/atomsfam.pdf
Created by G.Baker www.thesciencequeen.net

Bohr postulated that:
 Fixed energy related to the orbit

 Electrons cannot exist between orbits
 The higher the energy level, the
further it is away from the nucleus
 An atom with maximum number of
electrons in the outermost orbital
energy level is stable (unreactive)
Energy Levels
}
Further away
Fifth
from the nucleus
Fourth means more
Increasing energy
energy.
Third
There is no “in
Second between” energy
Energy Levels
First
Neils Bohr Model (1913): Depicts the atom as
a small, positively charged nucleus
surrounded by electrons that travel in
circular orbits around the nucleus
Because of its simplicity,

the Bohr model is still
commonly taught to
introduce students to
quantum mechanics.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

What is the structure of an atom?
Bohr Model Schrödinger Model

“Planetary Model” “Electron Cloud Model”
Structure of the Atom
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
How small is an atom?
Activity! Bringing things down to size.
This is the product of Ryan

Murphy Copyright 2010
www.sciencepowerpoint.com

 Take one sheet of paper 8 by 11.




 Cut it in half as precisely as possible.




 Cut in half again and again. Keep track.
1


Line up scraps from large to small.












Answer: If you were to cut the paper in half about 90
times, you would be around the size of the atom. The
atom is incredibly .
small

Answer: If you were to cut the paper in half about
90 times, you would be around the size of the atom.

Video Link! A Boy and His Atom
 Smallest movie ever made from IBM.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0
Making of (Optional)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_8LHqwYMKY

Sizing Up Atoms
ATOMS ARE TINY!!!!!!

A pure copper coin the size of a penny
contains 2.4 x 1022 copper atoms.
There are only about 6 x 109 people on
Earth!!!
Individual atoms are observable with
instruments such as scanning tunneling
microscopes.
Subatomic Particles
Atoms are now know to be broken down

into smaller, more fundamental particles
called subatomic particles.
There are 3 kinds of subatomic Particles.
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Mass of Subatomic Particles
Protons and neutrons have

approximately the same mass (in
the range of 10-24 g).
Neutrons are slightly heavier.
Mass is expressed in amu

 Atomic mass unit (amu) – 1/12
the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Mass of Subatomic Particles
The mass of the electron is tiny as

compared to that of the proton and
neutron.
Therefore, the electron’s mass is
considered to be about O amu
when calculating the mass of an
atom.
Weight Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons)
Neutron = 1.6749286 x10-27 kg

Proton = 1.6726231 x10-27 kg
Electron = 9.1093897 x10-31 kg
+
- -
- - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1839 electrons = 1 neutron 1836 electrons = 1 proton
How do you think the mass of a neutron

compares to that of a proton?
+
1 neutron ≈ 1 proton
Size Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons, & quarks)
Size in Size in
atoms meters (m)
Atom 1 10-10 - -
-
Nucleus __1__ 10-14
10,000 ++ +
- + + + -
Proton or ___1___ 10-15
Neutron 100,000 + +
Electron or _____1__ 10-18 -

Quark __ (at largest)
100,000,0 - -
00
Subatomic Particles
Subatomic Charge Mass, amu Location in

Particle atom
Electron -1 0 amu Outside of
(e-) nucleus
Proton (p) +1 ~1 amu Nucleus
Neutron (n) 0 ~1 amu Nucleus

Atomic Structure
Atoms are composed of 2 regions:
 Nucleus: the center of the atom that
contains the mass of the atom
 Electron cloud: region that surrounds the
nucleus that contains most of the space in
the atom Nucleus
Electron
Cloud
The Atom’s “Center”
 Protons and neutrons are grouped together to

form the “center” or nucleus of an atom.
Notice that the electrons are not apart of the nucleus
-
-
+
+ +
-
What’s in the Nucleus?
The nucleus contains 2 of the 3

subatomic particles:
Protons: positively charged
subatomic particles
Neutrons: neutrally charged
subatomic particles
Strong Force
The force that holds Notice how the electromagnetic
the atomic nucleus force causes the protons to repel
each other but, the strong force
together holds them together.
The force that

counteracts the +
electromagnetic + +
force +
If you need help

remembering Would an atom have a
strong force, just nucleus if the strong
think of… force did not exist?
What’s in the Electron Cloud?
The 3rd subatomic particle resides

outside of the nucleus in the
electron cloud
Electron: the subatomic particle
with a negative charge and
relatively no mass
How do these particles interact?
Protons and neutrons live compacted

in the tiny positively charged nucleus
accounting for most of the mass of the
atom
The negatively charged electrons are
small and have a relatively small mass
but occupy a large volume of space
outside the nucleus
How do the subatomic particles balance each other?
In an atom:
 The protons = the electrons
 If 20 protons are present in an atom then
20 electrons are there to balance the
overall charge of the atom—atoms are
neutral
 The neutrons have no charge; therefore they
do not have to equal the number of protons
or electrons
How do we know the number of subatomic particles in an
atom?
Atomic number: this number indicates the

number of protons in an atom
 Ex: Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1
 So hydrogen has 1 proton
 Ex: Carbon’s atomic number is 6

 So carbon has 6 protons
**The number of protons identifies the atom.

Ex. 2 protons = He, 29 protons = Cu
Atomic Number
 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
-
What would be the
atomic number of
this atom?
+
++
-
-
How do we know the number of subatomic particles in an
atom?
Mass number: the number of

protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Ex: hydrogen can have a mass of
3.
Since it has 1 proton it must have 2
neutrons
# of neutrons = mass # - atomic #
Mass Number
 The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

 Expressed in Atomic Mass Units (amu)
 Each proton or neutron has a mass of 1 amu
What would be the mass

number of this atom? -
+  3
 4
+
++
-
3 protons + 4 neutrons =
a mass number of 7 amu
Why did we not account for the -

electrons when calculating the
mass number?
Determining the number of protons and neutrons
Li has a mass number of 7 and an

atomic number of 3
Protons = 3 (same as atomic #)
Neutrons= 7-3 = 4 (mass # - atomic #)
Ne has a mass number of 20 and an
atomic number of 10
Protons = 10
Neutrons = 20 - 10= 10
What about the electrons?
The electrons are equal to the number

of protons
So E- = P = atomic #
Ex: He has a mass # of 4 and an
atomic # of 2
P+ = 2
No = 2
E- = 2
Building Atoms
Using the whiteboard and the proton, neutron, and

electron pieces, build the following atoms, and determine
their atomic and mass numbers.
Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons

Carbon 6 6 6
Beryllium 4 5 4
Oxygen 8 8 8
Lithium 3 4 3
Sodium 11 12 11
Atom Builder
 Using the interactive

website link below, practice
building atoms.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso

/tryit/atom/
• Using the classzone.com link below,

click on the “Build an Atom”
simulation and practice building
atoms.
http://
www.classzone.com/books/ml_sci_physical/page_build.cfm?i
d=resour_ch1&u=2##
Crash Course
To Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_d
etailpage&v=FSyAehMdpyI

The Atom PPT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Atom PPT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Atom PPT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Atom

All matter is composed of atoms

EVOLUTION OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

Democritus (460 BC – 370 BC) was among the 1st to

The modern atomic thought began with John Dalton

In 1808 John Dalton proposed atomic

Law of definite proportions

Law of multiple proportions

1. Elements are made of tiny particles

4. Atoms of one element can join with atoms

5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical

Discovered in 1897 by J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) an

Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up

of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere

surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the

U.S. physicist Robert A. Millikan

Eugen Goldstein (1850-1930) observed

In 1932 English physicist James

They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed

He suggested that the positive charge was all in a

The nucleus of the atom is the tiny

studied under Rutherford at the Victoria

Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding

What do these particles consist of?

• Particles that make up protons and neutrons

Notice the Notice the

What do you notice about the number

Adapted from http://www.sciencespot.net/Media/atomsfam.pdf

Created by G.Baker www.thesciencequeen.net

 Fixed energy related to the orbit

Because of its simplicity,

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Bohr Model Schrödinger Model

This is the product of Ryan

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

This is the product of Ryan

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

This is the product of Ryan

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

This is the product of Ryan

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

This is the product of Ryan

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Electron or ___1 10-18 -