On Case Hardening LAKSHAY VERMA 2018-017

Case Hardening, Cyaniding, Nitriding
Presented by:
Lakshay Verma
2018-17
4th Year Mechanical
(Die & Mould)
Case Hardening
Introduction of Case Hardening
Case-hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal
object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft,
thus forming a thin layer of harder metal at the surface.
Temperature :-
Temperature is around 900-950 C.
Hardness Achieved:-
55-60 HRC
Reaction used to perform for
case hardening:-
CO2 -> C + O2
(OR)
2 CO <—> C + CO2
What are the Types of Case Hardening?
1. Induction hardening
2. Carburizing
3. Nitriding
4. Cyaniding
5. Carbo-nitriding
6. Ferritic nitro-carburizing
How Case Hardening Happens?
The steel work piece is placed inside a case packed tight with a
carbon-based case-hardening compound called as carburizing
pack. The pack is put inside a hot furnace for a variable length of
time. Time and temperature determines how deep into the
surface the hardening extends. However, the depth of hardening
is ultimately limited by the inability of carbon to diffuse deeply
into solid steel. After that we will quench the material into the oil
and then we will temper it into air.
How Case Hardening Happens?(Cont.)
How do you check Case Depth?
• It is Checked by Total Case Depth.

• Total case depth is the total distance carbon, nitrogen or both have
diffused inward from the surface of the part.
• The Maximum Depth of carbon ,nitrogen may reaches to 1.5mm.
Difference between Case Hardening and Hardening
Case Hardening Hardening

Case hardening creates a thin layer on Hardening hardens the outer
the surface and keeps the core remains surface as well as core which
soft throughout the entire process. makes the material brittle.
Why Case Hardening
1. Case hardening is a material processing method that is used to increase the
hardness of the outer surface of a metal. For iron or steel with low carbon
content, which has poor hardenability of its own, the case-hardening
process involves infusing additional carbon or nitrogen into the surface
layer.
2. However, because hardened metal is usually more brittle than softer metal,
through-hardening (that is, hardening the metal uniformly throughout the
piece) is not always a suitable choice. In such circumstances, case-
hardening can produce a component that will not fracture (because of the
soft core that can absorb stresses without cracking), but also provides
Why Case Hardening (Cont.)
Applications
Mild steels are generally not normally hardenable due to the
low quantity of carbon(less than 0.3%). The surface of the steel is
chemically altered to increase the hardenability. Case-hardened
steel is formed by diffusing carbon (carburization), into the outer
layer of the steel at high temperature, and then heat treating the
surface layer to the desired hardness and then quenched and
tempered.
Cyaniding
Introduction of Cyaniding
Cyaniding is a heat treatment process
that produces a hard, wear-resistant
surface on ferrous parts.
When steel is heated above Ac1 (it is
temperature which is lowest
temperature),in a suitable bath
containing alkali cyanides and cyanades,
the surface of the steel absorbs both
carbon and nitrogen from the molten
bath.
Temperature:-
• The part is heated to 871–954 °C (1600–1750 °F) in a bath of
sodium cyanide.
Hardness Achieved:-
50-57 HRC( Hardness Rockwell C)
• Reaction of Cyaniding:-
2NaCN + O2 → 2NaCNO
2NaCNO + O2 → Na2CO3 + CO + N2
2CO → CO2 + C
How Cyaniding happens?
A process in which an iron-base alloy is
heated in contact with a cyanide salt so
that the surface absorbs carbon and
nitrogen. Cyaniding is followed by
quenching and tempering to produce a
case with a desired combination of
hardness and toughness.
How Cyaniding Happens?(Cont.)
Disadvantage of Cyaniding Advantages of Cyaniding
1. Cyanide salts are poisonous. 1. Cyaniding process gives bright finishing

2. Cyanide material is costly. on the product.
2. It is used to give a very thin but hard
outer case.
3. In it, distortion can be easily avoided
and fatigue limit can be increased.
Applications
• Cyaniding is generally applied to the low carbon steel parts of
automobiles (sleeves, brake cam, speed box gears, drive worm
screws, oil pump gears etc), motor cycle parts (gears, shaft,
pins etc.) and agriculture machinery.
• It is typically used on small parts such as bolts, nuts, screws
and small gears.
Nitriding
Introduction Of Nitriding
Nitriding is a heat treating process that diffuses nitrogen into
the surface of a metal to create a hardened surface. These
processes are most commonly used on low-alloy steels. They are
also used on titanium, aluminium and molybdenum.
Temperature:-
Temperature is around 480°C to 650°C.
Hardness Achieved:-
55-65 HRC
Reaction of Nitriding:-
2NH3 -> heat 2N + 3H2
What are the Types of Nitriding?
The three main methods :-
1. Gas nitriding.
2. Salt bath nitriding.
3. Plasma nitriding.
Why is Atmospheric Nitrogen inappropriate
for use in the Nitriding process?
Ordinary atmospheric nitrogen exists in the form of molecules

(N2). As a result, these molecules cannot be absorbed by the
steel, which is necessary for the nitriding process. Therefore,
atmospheric nitrogen is not suitable for nitriding process.
Why is Nitriding done at low temperatures?
It aims to achieve a diffusion zone of high hardness while

avoiding the formation of chromium nitrides and chromium
carbides in order to maintain, or even improve, the corrosion
resistance properties of austenitic and martensitic stainless
steels.
How Nitriding happens?
Nitriding heats the steel part in an atmosphere of ammonia gas
(NH3). The nitrogen from the ammonia gas enters into on the
surface of the steel and forms nitrides and that impart extreme
hardness to surface of the metal.
Why Nitriding happens?
The main objectives of nitriding are to increase the surface
hardness of the material, as well as its wear resistance, fatigue
life, and corrosion resistance which are achieved by the presence
of the nitrided layer.
Advantages
Nitriding is an excellent method of controlling corrosion, as well
as wear and fatigue, in metals. For example, Nitriding increases
the bending-fatigue strength of a 3% Cr-Mo steel from 480 to 840
MPa – 75% improvement.
Difference of Carburizing and Nitriding:-
Carburizing Nitriding
• Carbon is diffused to the steel surface • Nitrogen is diffused to the steel surface.
• It is done at very high temperatures. • It is done at low temperatures.
• Low in cost. • Expensive in cost.
• Done in Carbonaceous in environment. • Done in carbonaceous with ammonia gas
in environment.
Applications
1. This process is used for the parts which require high wear
resistance at elevated temperatures such as automobile and
air plane valve’s and valve parts, piston pins, crankshafts,
cylinder liners etc.
2. Many automobile, diesel engines parts, pumps, shafts, gears,
clutches, etc. are treated with the nitriding process.
3. It is also used in ball and roller bearing parts die casting dies,
wire drawing dies etc.

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Case Hardening, Cyaniding, Nitriding

• It is Checked by Total Case Depth.

Case Hardening Hardening

1. Cyanide salts are poisonous. 1. Cyaniding process gives bright finishing

Ordinary atmospheric nitrogen exists in the form of molecules

It aims to achieve a diffusion zone of high hardness while

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